Brain Areas
Which hemisphere is most dominant in bilinguals?
Left
What is the difference between a developmental and acquired language disorder?
acquired is a result of neural trauma or neurological disease after language development is complete
developmental is a disorder that affects a child's ability to learn, understand and use language
True or false: bilinguals show a earlier onset of dementia than monolinguals
False
What is episodic memory?
form of long-term memory, which stores personal experiences and events, remains more intact in bilinguals as they age
True or false: Bilinguals tend to have smaller vocabularies in each individual language compared to monolinguals
true
What are the two brain areas most associated with language?
Wernicke and Broca areas
What is aphasia?
resulting from damage to the brain regions responsible for speech and language comprehension
What do bilinguals outperform monolinguals in?
attention, working memory, and long-term memory recall
What is working memory?
type of memory, responsible for temporarily holding and processing information
What can frequent code-switching lead to difficulties in?
strict language separation
Which neural pathway can be compared to a highway?
Arcuate fasciculus
What is dyslexia?
neurodevelopmental condition mostly impacts a person's ability to read, write, and spell
What does lifelong bilingualism strengthen?
inhibitory control, task-switching, and working memory
Bilingualism enhances what network of nerve fibers?
white matter
Maintaining proficiency in two languages, particularly in early development may involve greater _
cognitive load
Which brain areas have increased brain matter volumes?
Putamen, inferior parietal lobe, anterior cingulate cortex
What is apraxia?
neurological condition that impacts the neural networks responsible for speech production
Bilingualism is associated with higher gray matter volume in what brain regions?
the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal lobe (IPL)
The cognitive benefits of bilingualism remain significant even when controlling for these two major social factors
education and socioeconomic status
What is the phenomenon where young bilingual children may mix vocabulary or grammatical structures from both languages?
language confusion
Which brain area initially grows in bilinguals and then plateaus?
Nucleus accumbens
What are the four categories of language disorders
receptive, expressive, pragmatic and fluency
Dementia prevalence was found to be only this percentage among bilinguals, compared to 4.9% in monolinguals
0.4%
What is the intermediate stage of cognitive decline which often precedes dementia that is lower in bilinguals?
mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
Although often temporary, bilingual children may take longer to develop vocabulary and grammar compared to monolingual peers, leading to what?
slower lexical access and language acquisition