Standard 1 - Molecular Behavior
Standard 2 - Carbs + Lipids, Cell Transport
Standard 3 - Proteins + Enzymes
Standard 4 - Nucleic Acids + Natural Selection
Big Theme - Lactose/Lactase System
100
Which are bigger, atoms or molecules?
Molecules
100
What atoms are both cards and lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
100
What type of macromolecule are enzymes?
Proteins
100
Monomers of nucleic acids are called...
Nucleotides
100
Lactase is a _______ (protein/carbohydrate/lipid/nucleic acid), which lactose is a _______ (protein/carbohydrate/lipid/nucleic acid)
Protein, carbohydrate
200
In organic chemistry, What name do we give small molecules that join together to make larger molecules?
Monomers
200
Monomers of carbohydrates are called....
Monosaccharides
200
Enzymes are catalysts. This means they (speed up/slow down) reactions by (lowering/raising) activation energy.
Speed up, lowering
200
Mutations refer to changes in which important molecule? Name the molecule.
DNA
200
Lactose breaks down into two monomers, called.....
Glucose and galactose
300
What process is shown here?
Dehydration Synthesis
300
What type of macromolecule are cell membranes made up of?
Phospholipids
300
What is a likely temperature for the hot springs referenced in this image?
70 Degrees Celsius
300
For natural selection to occur, what three "ingredients" need to be present?
Variability, heritability, reproductive advantage.
300
Lactase speeds up the breakdown of the polymer lactose into two monomers. The chemical name we give this breakdown process is ________.
Hydrolysis.
400
Pictured is the molecule maltose.
If you were to add a single water molecule (H2O) to this molecule, draw what you think the product (outcome) of that reaction would look like below, and name the reaction.
400
When a polypeptide folds into a protein, the _______ amino acids naturally arrange themselves on the inside of the protein, and the ________ amino acids arrange themselves on the outside.
Hydrophobic, hydrophilic
400
In the Chew On This simulation we saw briefly in class, the enzyme amylase was breaking down down starch. What process does the amylase help make happen more quickly, in this case?
HYDROLYSIS (the breakdown of a polymer into a monomer) - an enzyme helps it move along more quickly!
400
What kind nucleic acid can leave the nucleus?
RNA only
400
Pictured below are lactose and a very similar polymer called sucrose. Can lactase break down sucrose, yes or no?
No - enzymes are specific to substrates. They only work with one substrate, so lactase only works with lactose.
500
The enzyme amylase breaks down the polymer starch into its monomers, all glucose. If you had a polymer of starch that was made of 10 monomers, how many water molecules would you need to add to break down the starch into 10 glucose molecules?
9 molecules of water (one at each place the glucose is bonded to another!) Draw out 10 hexagons with connections between then and then draw a line through each connection if you are having trouble picturing this. You will draw 9 lines!
500
Fill in the blanks using the word bank:
______ is a small molecule and can pass through the cell membrane using _______ that act as a gate. With energy, this is known as ________ transport. If the glucose just floats through, this is ______ transport. A _________ like ________ is too big to pass through those same gates, and must be broken down first.
Word Bank:
Lactose, Active, Passive, Glucose, Proteins, Polysaccharide
GLUCOSE is a small molecule and can pass through the cell membrane using PROTEINS that act as a gate. With energy, this is known as ACTIVE transport. If the glucose just floats through, this is PASSIVE transport. A POLYSACCHARIDE like LACTOSE is too big to pass through those same gates, and must be broken down first.
500
This graph shows the amount of product produced in a chemical reaction over time WITH an enzyme present. Redraw this graph, then draw another line representing a likely product amount over time WITHOUT an enzyme for the same chemical reaction. (So you should draw a graph with two lines total).
Second line should be lower for than the first, BUT NOT ZERO. Remember, enzymes speed up reactions, but they don't make them happen - some product will still be made! This graph is an example showing that:
500
What is the relationship between natural selection, mutation, proteins, and nucleic acids? Explain.
Natural selection requires variability to occur, which means that a trait varies in a population. This occurs when individuals are born with random variations (changes) in their DNA, just be chance. An example is hair color in humans - there are lots of variations in hair color! Any difference in a DNA sequence is called a mutation (and they aren't all bad!).
Since DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, differences in DNA (mutations) can lead to different proteins being made in the body, and different proteins can lead to different traits. For instance, some of the DNA in the rock pocket mice led to proteins that made dark fur, and some had DNA that coded for proteins with light fur.
Since DNA is genetic material, these mutations are heritable and passed from parents to offspring. Therefore, natural selection can occur if one mutation is an advantage over another in the environment where the organism lives.
500
Draw a model comparing the large and small intestines of someone who has lactase persistance vs someone who is lactose intolerant.
Must look like this:
Must include lactose, lactase, glucose, galactose, bacteria, and at least one symptom. In the person with lactase persistance, hydrolysis of lactose occurs quickly and glucose and galactose are moved from the small intestine to the blood to provide energy. With lactose intolerant individuals, it doesn't happen quickly enough. Lactose is too big to pass through the cell membrane of the small intestine cells, so it keeps going. Bacteria in the large intestine then break it down, but produce a bunch of bad symptoms as a result!
