CARBOHYDRATES
This monosaccharide is the primary energy source used by cells during cellular respiration.
What is glucose?
These monomers contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group
What are amino acids?
These molecules are the main components of fats and oils, consisting of one glycerol and three fatty acids.
What are triglycerides?
These monomers consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
What are nucleotides?
These biological catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
What are enzymes?
This polysaccharide is the primary storage form of glucose in animals, particularly in the liver and skeletal muscles.
What is glycogen?
his covalent bond forms between amino acids during protein synthesis.
What is a peptide bond?
These lipids form the basic structure of cell membranes.
What are phospholipids?
This nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA but is replaced by uracil in RNA.
What is thymine?
This region of an enzyme binds its substrate and is where the catalyzed reaction occurs.
What is the active site?
This chemical reaction joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide, releasing a molecule of water.
What is dehydration synthesis?
This level of protein structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between groups in the polypeptide backbone, producing alpha helices and beta sheets.
What is secondary structure?
These fatty acids contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds that typically introduce bends into their hydrocarbon chains.
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
These two nitrogenous bases are classified as purines and have a double-ring structure, unlike the single-ring pyrimidines.
What are adenine and guanine?
This term describes the minimum energy required for reactants to reach the transition state of a chemical reaction, which enzymes lower.
What is activation energy?
These two polysaccharides are both composed of glucose, but one is used for energy storage in plants while the other provides structural support in plant cell walls.
What are starch and cellulose?
hese covalent bonds form between the R groups of two cysteine amino acids and help stabilize a protein's three-dimensional shape.
What are disulfide bridges?
This four-ring lipid is a component of animal cell membranes and serves as a precursor for steroid hormones.
What is cholesterol?
These two five-carbon sugars are found in DNA and RNA, respectively.
What are deoxyribose and ribose?
In this type of inhibition, an inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site and reduces enzyme activity.
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
During prolonged exercise, the body breaks down this stored carbohydrate in the liver and muscles to provide glucose for energy.
What is glycogen?
A mutation replaces a hydrophilic amino acid on a protein's exterior with a strongly hydrophobic amino acid, potentially changing the protein's folding and function. This level of protein structure is most directly affected by the resulting changes in R-group interactions.
What is tertiary structure?
A person consumes more energy than their body requires. The excess energy is stored long-term in adipose tissue primarily as this type of lipid.
What are triglycerides?
This molecule contains adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups, making its structure similar to a nucleotide found in RNA.
What is adenosine triphosphate?
An enzyme-catalyzed reaction initially speeds up as substrate concentration increases but eventually reaches a maximum rate, even when more substrate is added. This condition explains why the reaction rate plateaus.
What is enzyme saturation, when all enzyme active sites are occupied?