Genetics
What is a phenotype for the organism in the picture?
Anything that describes the physical characteristics of an organism.
-the cat is orange
-the cat has four legs
-etc
4 (all genetically different)
What is the definition of evolution?
Any change in the gene pool (alleles) within a population.
What is the building blocks of DNA molecules?
nucleotide
An organism that eats a producer is called a what?
Primary Consumer
Genotypes represent an individual's what?
alleles (genes for a specific trait)
Meiosis makes _______ which are cells with half the number of chromosomes and are used for reproduction.
gametes
Name two ways in which biodiversity can be reduced:
CHIPO:
1. Climate change
2. Habitat destruction
3. Invasive Species
4. Pollution
5. Overharvesting/overexploitation
Starting with DNA, what is the correction flow of information?
_____ --> _________ --> ________
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
What is the name of the process that releases CO2 from the burning of fossil fuel?
Combustion
A genotype with the same alleles and is dominant is called?
homozygous dominant (BB)
Remember: heterozygous = Bb
What is one way in which meiosis creates genetic variation?
Crossing over (exchange pieces between homologous chromosomes)
Independent assortment (chromosomes separate randomly into each daughter cell each time).
Using just the first letter, what is the order of taxonomy from largest to smallest/most specific:
K-kingdom
P-phylum
C-class
O-order
F-family
G-genus
S-species
If the mRNA reads "CCA" what would be the matching amino acid?
CCA = Pro
General term to describe relationship between two organisms that live closely together.
Symbiosis
A white bird and a black bird reproduce and produces offspring that white and black. Which pattern of inheritance does this show?
Co-dominance (both traits are expressed/show up and not blended)
During fertilization, two gametes join together to make what? (Name for the cell made)
Zygote
or diploid cell (two sets of chromosomes)
What is the definition of fitness?
the ability to survive and reproduce.
Natural selection increases fitness through adaptations.
The process of re-writing the instruction of DNA into mRNA is known as?
Transcription = DNA to mRNA
Translation = mRNA to protein
A type of relationship where two organisms benefit (they both help each other)
A man who is does not colorblindness has a sister who has colorblindness. Their dad has colorblindness. What is the genotype of their mother?
Dad = XbY (has it
Son = XBY (does not have it) --> gets XB from mom, dad gives Y
Sister = XbXb --> one Xb from mom, one Xb from dad:
mom = XBXb
State 3 differences between meiosis and mitosis:
-Meiosis makes genetically DIFFERENT cells
-Meiosis makes 4 daughter cells
-Meiosis is used to make reproductive cells
*Mitosis makes cells that are the SAME
*Mitosis makes 2 daughter cells
*Mitosis is used for all cells except for sperm and egg cells
Sexual Selection
-only males with the best feathers can mate therefore passing on the gene for bigger and brighter feathers.
-this increases fitness
nonsense mutation
Silent = no change in amino acid
Missense = change in amino acid
Frameshift = when one is off and moves everything over
CAT SAW BAT --> ATS AWB AT?
Only 10 percent of energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next. What are the two reasons for this?
Most of the energy is lost as HEAT
and not all part of the organism can be digested.