Personality
Explain the difference between "State" and "Trait"
STATE - Characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and behaving in a given situation at one point in time.
TRAIT - characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that are consistent across social situations and differ systematically between individuals
What does MTI stand for?
Mental Toughness Index
Describe the difference between skill and ability.
Abilities are natural, inherited qualities that you are born with. Skills are learned behaviours or actions that you develop through practice and experience.
Cognitive/verbal (early phase)
Associative/motor (intermediate phase)
Autonomous (final phase)
_______________ are opportunities for action provided by the environment, showing how an athlete can act in specific performance situations.
Affordances
What does "LOTS" stand for?
L - Lifetime History
O - Observations from knowledgeable others including parents and friends
T - tests
S - Self-report data
Why is mental toughness so difficult to observe?
It requires self-reporting.
What are the 4 types of skill?
1) Motor
2) Cognitive
3) Perceptual
4) Perceptual-Motor
What are the two stores of memory and duration for each?
1. Short Term → 15 to 30 seconds (limited)
2. Long Term → hours to a lifetime (unlimited)
crowd noise, crowd movement, flash photography, officiating decisions are known as __________________ while thoughts are known as ____________________.
External Distractions & Internal Distractions
What are the 5 Personality Types?
1) Agreeableness 2) Extraversion 3) Neuroticism 4) Conscientiousness 5) Openness to experience
What are the 4 C’s of Mental Toughness?
Control
Confidence
Commitment
Challenge
Explain the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
The Yerkes–Dodson Model shows that performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, after which too much arousal causes performance to decline. It explains why athletes need the right balance of energy and calmness to perform at their best.
What is The Psychological Refractory Period?
The psychological refractory period is the delay that happens when your brain has to process two things happening close together. You can’t respond to the second thing right away because your brain is still busy handling the first one.
What is the difference between associative and dissociative attentional focus?
Attentional focus can be associative, meaning the athlete pays attention to bodily sensations and internal cues.
It can also be dissociative, meaning the athlete tries to block out feelings of physical effort.
In relation to the Social-Cognitive Approach, what are the four personality variables according to Walter Mischel?
• competencies—our skills and knowledge
• encoding strategies—our particular style and the schemas we use in processing information
• expectancies—what we expect from our own behaviour and our anticipations of our performance levels
• plans—what we intend to do
Explain the 4 stages of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Self Confidence --> Motivation --> Effort --> Increased Probability of Success
Explain the Black Box Model using a sports example.
1) Input
2) CNS
3) Output
4) Feedback
Define and provide examples for the 3 Types of constraints?
1) Personal
2) Task
3) Environment
What are the 5 techniques that help enable attention?
Deliberate decisions
Performance goals
Trigger words
Routines
Mental practice
What are the four factors that have been shown to have the capacity to increase self-efficacy? Which is the most powerful? (HL)
1. Performance accomplishments
2. Vicarious experiences
3. Persuasion
4. Physiological state
Explain Weiner's Classification System regarding Attribution Theory. (HL).
Locus of Stability
Stable VS. Unstable
Locus of Causality
Internal VS. External
Locus of Control
In one's control VS. out of one's control
What are the 6 types of skill transfer? Provide Sports Example for each.
1) Skill to Skill
2) Practice to Performance
3) Abilities to Skill
4) Bilateral
5) Stage to Stage
6) Principles to Skills
Describe the difference between Open and Closed Loop Motor Programmes.
Open loop MPs account for the performance of a skill without recourse to feedback
It explains how we can carry out very fast movements
No alteration of movement possible – since the stimulus is too fast for feedback/adjustments to occur
E.g. Throwing a punch
Closed loop MPs are movements that can be altered during their execution due to a slower speed in which they are executed
There is time for alteration to occur
E.g. Changing shot angle in basketball due to a defender
Explain the attentional focus continuum.
Attentional focus can be classified along two dimensions: width (broad or narrow) and direction (external or internal), with different types suited to different sports or tasks.