Biomolecules
BIOMOLECULES
It studies the chemical process involved in living organisms
It is the application of the methods of chemistry to the fields of biology and physiology.
It is the language of biology basic to the understanding of the different phenomena
Focuses on the activities that are happening inside our cells
Studies components like proteins, lipids and organelles.
From which French word did carbohydrates originate from?
"hydrate de carbone" - hydrates of carbon
What are the two classifications of monosaccharides?
Based on
1. the position of carbonyl (C=O) group
2. the number of carbons in the backbone
TRUE or FALSE Disaccharides can be directly utilized by the body.
FALSE. Disaccharides CANNOT be directly utilized by the body unless broken down into monosaccharides.
*Enzymes are needed to break them down in the SMALL INSTESTINES.
Ex. SUCRASE - hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose & fructose
LACTASE - hydrolyzes lactose into glucose & galactose
TRUE or FALSE. Polysaccharide are composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units?
FALSE. Oligosaccharides are composed of 3-10 monosaccharide units.
POLYSACCHARIDE - more than 10 monosaccharide; high molecular mass
CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
What hydrocarbon derivative is present in the structure of carbohydrates?
Aldehyde or Ketone
What are the 3 types of monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
* Aldehyde derivative = Aldose sugar
*Ketone derivative = Ketose sugar
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
*it forms an ETHER functional group
What are the two (2) types of polysaccharides?
1. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES - same type of monosaccharide (Ex. Chitin-polymer of N-acetylglucosamine)
2. HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES - different type of monosaccharide (Ex. Hyaluronic acid)
Which two biomolecules are considered sources of energy? Which is a short-term source of energy? Which is a long-term source of energy?
Carbohydrates - short-term source of energy
Lipids - long-term source of energy
Where do we store excess carbohydrates in animals and plants? In what form?
Glycogen - Liver
Starch - Plant
*carbohydrates are called "saccharides" (sakcharon) meaning sugar
Give at least two (2) characteristics of monosaccharide.
1. presence of hydroxyl groups
2. polar, water soluble
3. high melting points
4. crystalline white solids (room temp)
What type of reaction happens when two monosaccharides are joined together such as glucose and fructose to form sucrose?
What is a linear polymer that is similar to amylose and are found in rigid walls in plants?
CELLULOSE
Differentiate micromolecules and macromolecules.
large molecules known as macromolecules
small molecules known as macromolecules.
Arthropod exoskeleton - chitin
Fungi - cell walls
Galactose (Aldose) - difference lies in the position of hydroxyl group (-OH) at C4.
*Fructose (Ketose) - functional isomer
What disaccharide is used in germinating seeds and in making beer?
MALTOSE (glucose + glucose)
* Lactose (glucose + galactose)
* Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
The position of the hydroxyl group in the structure.
STARCH - 1,4 alpha glycosidic linkages
CELLULOSE - 1,4 beta glycosidic linkages
What are the building blocks of the 4 biomolecules?
Carbohydrates - monosaccharide
Protein - amino acid
Lipid - glycerol and fatty acid
Nucleic Acid - nucleotide
What are the two forms of illustrating the structural formulas of carbohydrates? Draw a sample for each on the board.
Fisher Projection (Chain Form)
Haworth Projection (Ring Form)
What kind of formation happens when monosaccharides are dissolved in water and undergo cyclization of glucose when the hydroxyl (-OH) group at C5 reacts with the carbonyl group?
HEMIACETAL FORMATION
What artificial sweetener is made from sugar but contains NO CALORIES, NOT METABOLIZED, and passes through and out of the body unchanged?
SUCRALOSE
*from cane sugar
*three hydroxyl groups are replaced with Chlorine atoms
*chemically inert
Where does the alpha 1,6 glycosidic linkage happen in glycogen?
Occurs for every 8-12 glucose unit