Perception
When perciving our environment, we must organize and interpret that information. This is the mental framework we use to do so.
What is a schema?
When creating mental categories of information we percieve from our environment, we select a representative example of each of these categories.
What is a prototype of a concept?
This type of memory involves concious recollection and includes episodic and semantic memories, as opposed to memory that operates unconciously.
What is Explicit Memory? (Implicit Memory)
Proposed by Charles Spearman, this suggests a single, underlying cognitive ability that influences all intellectual tasks, as opposed to Gardener's argument for distinct, independent types of intelligence.
What is General Abililty (g) Theory? (Multiple Ability Theory)
This is a research method often used in Developmental Psychology that compares different age groups at a single point in time, with the benefit of quick results and the disadvantage of missing developmental changes.
This is a perceptual mechanism where sensory information is analyzed in a heirarchical manner, as opposed to using existing knowledge, expectations, and experiences to influence perception.
What is Bottom Up Processing? (Top Down Processing)
This is a step by step mental procedure for solving problems, as opposed to a shortcut.
What is an algorithm? (heuristic)
This is the crucial initial process in memory formation where sensory information is converted into a form that can be stored in the brain.
What is encoding?
This is a statistical method used in intelligence research that identifies underlying factors to explain correlations between different cognitive abilities.
What is factor analysis?
This is a time-sensitive window for development.
What is a critical period?
Including context and experience, culture and expectations, these factors built from our past and culture influence our perception of our environment.
What are internal factors?
This is a common cognitive bias that causes us to continue a behavior, however harmful, due to our perception of past investment.
What is the Sunk Cost Fallacy?
This is a memory rehearsal technique that involves simple repetition of information, as opposed to rehearsal by connection of new information to existing knowledge.
What is maintenance rehearsal? (elaborative rehearsal)
This measures how well intelligence tests reflect a theoretical concept, as opposed to a test's ability to predict future outcomes.
What is construct validity? (predictive validity)
This is a theory of observational learning and the modeling of gender behaviors, that supports the idea of reinforcement and punishment shaping gender roles.
What is Social Learning Theory (gender)?
This is the ability to focus on one conversation, or source of stimuli, amidst background noise or other stimuli, highlighting our brain's ability to filter information, allowing us to focus on what we consider relevant.
What is the Cocktail Party Effect?
When we create new framework and categories for information, as opposed to adding that information to existing categories.
What is accomodation? (assimilation)
What is recall? (recognition)
Named after researcher James Flynn, this refers to the substantial increase in average IQ scores over the 20th century.
What is the Flynn Effect?
This is a theory that emphasizes the crucial role of social interaction in the process of cognitive development?
This is also known as the Phi Phenomenon.
What is apparent movement?
This is a common cognitive bias that limits problem solving by limiting a person's ability to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used.
What is functional fixedness?
Discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus, this illustrates how information is lost over time when not actively recalled.
What is the Forgetting Curve?
This assessment measures and predicts future performance, rather than knowledge and skills already learned.
What is an aptitude test? (achievement test)
The developmental error of applying learned rules too broadly, common in child language development.
What is overgeneralization?