Brains and Bodies
How many children are left handed by the time they are two?
10%
What is object permanence?
Realization that objects or people continue to exist when they are no longer in sight
What is ASL and what does it stand for?
American Sign Language - the use of symbols to communicate
When does the emotion of fear emerge?
9 months
What are Gross Motor vs Fine Motor skills? Give and example of each.
Physical abilities involving large body movements
• Crawling, walking, throwing, kicking
• Physical abilities involving small body
movements, especially of the hands and
fingers used to manipulate objects
• Grasping, drawing, brushing teeth
What is pruning?
Unused dendrites whither postnatally to allow space between neurons in the brain, allowing more synapses and thus more complex thinking.
What is assimilation vs accommodation?
Assimilation: type of adaptation in which new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas
Accommodation: type of adaptation in which old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences
What is overregularization?
Common grammatical error in language of applying a regular patterns to forms of words (Ex: past tense)
What is the mirror recognition test?
Babies aged 9–24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been put on their noses. 15- to 24-month-olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity.
What is Symbolic Function?
Children (2-4) can mentally represent objects that are not present
• This why children begin to engage in dramatic play
pretending to be other people and using objects in pretend ways
What are the infant reflexes?
Babinski (feet stroked and fan up)
Stepping (held upright legs are moving)
Swimming (on stomach arms and legs out)
Palmar Grasp (grip tightly)
Moro (on back fling arms out and bring them to the chest)
What is overimitation?
Tendency of children to copy an action that is not a
relevant part of the behavior to be learned
• Common among 2- to 6-year-olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient
What are the three theories/theorists of language?
Noam Chomsky: Innate - LAD
Jerome Bruner: Interactions - Social/cultural context
B.F. Skinner: Behavior - learned through teaching
What are 3 ways to increase Social/Emotional Competence?
Promote Cooperation
Minimize Conflicts
Reduce Aggression
What is vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics? Give an example of when children use one of these between 36-60 months.
Vocabulary – words
Grammar – sentences
Pragmatics – using language with others
What is the Visual Cliff experiment?
Experimental apparatus that gives the
illusion of a sudden drop-off between one
horizontal surface and another
What is the Theory of the Mind test?
"Crayon Box"
• We understand the distinction between physical and mental events, and between how things appear and how they really are.
• By observing other people, we are able to infer their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.
• We understand that people’s mental states affect their behavior.
What is a language expansion vs a language extension?
Language Expansion – repeat and
expand child’s utterance - “Car go.” “Yes, your car is going.”
Language Extension – repeat,
expand, and provide additional
information - “Yes, your car is going.” It is going
very fast
What are the 4 patterns of attachment?
Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent/Insecure (Anxious)
Disorganized
What does language progression look like between newborns, 1 year, and 2 years?
Newborn: Preference for speech sounds
and mother’s language; gradual selective
listening
1 year: Comprehension of simple words; speech-like intonations; specific vocalizations that have meaning to those who know the infant well. First spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language
2 years: Multiword sentences. Half the toddler’s utterances are two or more words
long.
What factors affect early childhood growth and health? Give and example of why for one factor
Childhood Injuries
Nutrition
Sleep Habits
Emotional Well Being
What is Conservation the 5 examples of conservation tasks?
The amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) when its appearance changes.
Examples of conservations tasks:
• Number
• Length
• Liquid
• Mass
• Area
What are the 5 steps to Serve and Return?
1. Notice the serve and share the child's focus of attention.
2. Return the serve by supporting and encouraging.
3. Give it a name!
4. Take turns…and wait. Keep the interaction going back and forth.
5. Practice endings and beginnings.
What are the parenting styles and the responsiveness/warmth and demandingness/control of each?
Authoritarian
- Low responsiveness/warmth
- High demandingness/control
Authoritative
- High responsiveness/warmth
- High demandingness/control
Permissive Indulgent
- High responsiveness/warmth
- Low demandingness/control
Permissive Neglectful
- Low responsiveness/warmth
- Low demandingness/control
What types of play support Social and emotional learning? Give and example of how/why.
Dramatic Play
• Practice regulating emotions
• Develop a self-concept
• Manage real life situations
Rough and Tumble Play
• Mimics aggression with no intention to harm
• Contains expressions and gestures and open communication
• Setting healthy boundaries for self and others