Structure and Function of DNA
What shape is DNA?
Double Helix
The complementary DNA strand of: CAAGTA
What is GTTCAT?
A single stranded piece of a DNA has the following bases: ACTGAG. What is the matching sequence on its RNA transcript?
UGACUC
This process turns mRNA into a protein.
Translation.
What is a mutation? Name 2 environmental factors can cause a mutation.
Any change to an organism's nucleotide sequence in DNA/Genome. Environmental factors: chemicals, radiation, sun/UV, Thymine dimers, Free radicals, carcinogens & viruses
What part of a nucleotide accounts for the genetic variation between individuals?
Nitrogenous Base
Transcription: What does it make? What enzyme makes the product? Where does it take place?
mRNA. RNA polymerase. Nucleus.
This process uses DNA to make/code for a strand of mRNA.
Transcription
What is a point mutation? Give 2 examples
A mutation that causes a change in one base/nucleotide in the DNA sequence. Substitution, Insertion, Deletion.
What do we call the monomers of DNA? What are its 3 parts?
Nucleotide: phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), base (A, C, T, or G).
Which DNA nucleotide bases pair with one another?
Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
You start with 100 bases. There is 30% Guanine. How much Thymine is there?
20% Thymine
What are the monomers of protein called?
Amino Acids
What is a chromosomal mutation? Give an example.
Alterations to a piece of a chromosome or a whole chromosome [e.g., Down syndrome (3 chromosome #21)]
Describe the function/purpose of DNA in organisms. What is a gene?
It acts as a blueprint for your genes. A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that acts as a recipe for a specific protein.
Name the three different types of RNA and describe the function of each of them.
mRNA: delivers a copy version of a DNA gene from the nucleus to the ribosome. tRNA: transfers the amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA: part of the ribosome.
What cell organelle makes protein?
Ribosomes
What is the following mutation?
Original: TAC CGG ACG TTT GCG
mRNA: AUG GCC UGC AAA CGC
Amino Acids: met ala cys lys arg
Mutation: TAC CGG ACG TTT GCG
mRNA: AUG GCC UGA AAA CGC
Amino: Met Ala STOP ___ ____
Substitution mutation
Name the major enzyme involved in DNA replication and describe its function.
DNA polymerase: makes DNA by adding complementary bases to the other side of each of the original strands.
Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, double-stranded, made by DNA replication. RNA: ribose, uracil, single-stranded, made by transcription.
What is an anti-codon? What is its purpose?
A 3 nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that matches to a specific mRNA codon. When a tRNA finds a matching mRNA codon (with the ribosomes help), it drops off the attached amino acid to be used in protein.
Are all mutations harmful? If not, give a counter example.
Helpful mutations: having ONE sickle cell gene makes you immune to the parasite that causes malaria. Neutral mutations: blue eyes