Ch 9 (9.1)
The stage from ages 2–7 marked by increased representational thinking
What is the preoperational stage?
Thinking that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
What is animistic thinking?
Self-directed speech that helps guide thinking
What is private speech?
Skills like attention, working memory, and impulse control
What is executive function?
These tests do not sample all human abilities and are influenced by culture and environment
What are early childhood intelligence tests?
Rapid word learning after only brief exposure
What is fast-mapping?
The most flexible means of mental representation
What is language?
Teaching that matches a child’s current level of thinking
What is sensitivity to readiness?
The range of tasks a child can complete with help
What is the zone of proximal development?
Memory for everyday experiences tied to time and place
What is episodic memory?
A program providing early education and support to low-income families
What is Head Start?
This aspect of language focuses on the social rules of communication, like turn-taking and staying on topic
What is pragmatics?
The inability to distinguish others’ perspectives from one’s own
What is egocentrism?
Adapting instruction to meet individual needs
What is acceptance of individual differences?
Adjusting support based on the child’s performance
What is scaffolding?
General knowledge not tied to specific experiences
What is semantic memory?
The ability to reflect on and manipulate sounds in language
What is phonological awareness?
This bias leads children to assume that each object has only one label
What is mutual exclusivity bias?
Focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others
What is centration?
The ability to organize knowledge into categories and subcategories
What is categorization?
A shared understanding between teacher and learner
What is intersubjectivity?
Understanding that others can hold false beliefs
What is false-belief understanding?
A teaching approach that combines play with adult guidance
What is guided play?
Overapplying grammar rules to words that are exceptions
What is overregularization?
The understanding that physical properties remain the same despite changes in appearance
What is conservation?
The idea that children construct knowledge through active engagement
What is constructivism?
Teaching approach where teachers guide learning through support and collaboration
What is assisted discovery?
thinking about one’s own thinking, which develops significantly as children begin to understand their mental processes
What is metacognition?
A tool used to assess the quality of a child’s home learning environment
What is the HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment)?
The strategy of using word meaning to help figure out grammar rules
What is semantic bootstrapping?