Chapter 7 Test Review

Learning

100

What is learning according to the book?

Relatively enduring changes in knowledge and/or behavior resulting from specific experiences.

 

200

What is the formation of associations between events and stimuli?

BONUS: What are the two subtypes of learning in this type of learning?

Associate Learning

BONUS: Classical and Operant Conditioning

300

Give an example of a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer.

Primary: Essential for survival or reproduction (food, water, sex, air, shelter)

Secondary: Reinforcer that has been associated through conditioning with one or more primary reinforces (Money, status, reputation, degrees)

400

Learning through imitation of the behaviors of individuals whom one admires.

Modeling (Observational Learning)

500

Edward Thorndike's discovery that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are "stamped in" while behaviors that lead to a unsatisfying or annoying state affairs are "stamped out."  

Law of Effect

BONUS: Who did this inspire and what theory did they create?

Classical Conditioning

100

What is the formation of associations between events and stimuli?

BONUS: What are the two subtypes of learning in this type of learning?

Associate Learning

BONUS: Classical and Operant Conditioning

200

A stimulus that has no natural relationship to an innate response. If shown before conditioning, elicits no response.

Neutral Stimulus 

300

When a learned behavior ceases to be performed.

Extinction

- Repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus leads to this

400

A neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented (paired) prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

500

Whenever you go to the eye doctor, you get a little puff of air in your eye, and it causes you to blink. Right before this puff of air, you hear a beeping noise. Now, every time you hear that beeping noise, you blink your eye.

In classical conditioning, identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.

NS: Beeping noise

UCS: Puff of air

UCR: Blinking

CS: Beeping noise

CR: Blinking

________________________________________

NS = A stimulus that triggers no innate response; the subject has no relationship with this stimulus at the beginning of conditioning (Bell)

UCS = Unlearned stimulus - Naturally, and automatically triggers a response (Food)

UCR = Unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus (Salivation)

CS = A neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented (paired) prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus (Bell)

CR = Acquired/conditioned response triggered by the CS, which used to be the NS (Salivation)

Operant Conditioning

100

For not doing well in basketball, Frank's dad slaps him and then does a 360-slam dunk on top of him, knocking him over.

What type of Operant Conditioning is this?

Positive Punishment

200

Alix gets her allowance after she completes her weekly chores.

What type of Operant Conditioning is this?

Positive Reinforcement

300

Julie stays out past her curfew and now does not get to use the car for a week.

What type of Operant Conditioning is this?

Negative Punishment

400

To get rid of the annoying sound of an alarm clock, Bubba hits the stop button to turn it off.

What type of Operant Conditioning is this?

Negative Reinforcement

500

Give an example of negative reinforcement that hasn't been used.

Negative = Remove a stimulus

Positive = Add a stimulus

Reinforcement = Increase/maintain a behavior

Punishment = Decrease the frequency of a behavior

Partial Reinforcement Schedules

100

Every two weeks, I get a Mini Test in General Psychology.

What type of Partial Reinforcment is this?

Fixed Interval

200

After hitting a lever 5 times, the rat gets a pellet.

What type of Partial Reinforcment is this?

Fixed Ratio

300

A salesman goes from house to house, knocking on each door to try to get someone who will open the door and become a customer.

What type of Partial Reinforcment is this?

Variable Ratio

BONUS: What's another example?

400

A professor giving a pop quiz sometimes every week, sometimes every 3 weeks, and sometimes every 2 months.

What type of Partial Reinforcment is this?

Variable Interval

Fixed = Specific

Variable = Random/Unpredictable

Interval = Time

Ratio = Behavior