Topic 01
You observe that every time you eat a particular food item, you experience stomach discomfort. To determine the cause of this discomfort, you decide to conduct an experiment by eliminating that food item from your diet for a week and see if the discomfort disappears.
Is your approach inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning, and why?
The approach is inductive reasoning because you are making a general conclusion (the food item causes stomach discomfort) based on specific observations and evidence (your experiences).
What is responsible for the adhesive properties of water?
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other types of molecules
Organic compounds contain which 2 elements?
carbon and hydrogen
True or False?
Pyrimidines include: Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
False
Pyrimidines = C, T, U
Purines = A, G
Monomer: monosaccharides
Polymer: polysaccharides
Formulate a null hypothesis (H0) and an alternative hypothesis (Ha) for this experiment.
You are experimenting to investigate the effect of a new fertilizer on the growth of tomato plants. You want to test whether the new fertilizer leads to a significant increase in tomato plant height compared to a control group that receives no fertilizer.
H0 = There is no significant difference in the average height of tomato plants treated with the new fertilizer and those in the control group
Ha = the new fertilizer does lead to a significant increase in the average height of tomato plants compared to the control group
Why does salt dissolve in water? Use what you know about water being polar and the forces between particles to explain.
When NaCl is added to water, the partially negative oxygen in water will interact with the positive sodium, and the partially positive hydrogen will interact with the negative chlorine, which pulls apart, or dissolves, NaCl
What happens in a dehydration reaction?
2 monomers are bonded with the loss of water
Which sugar lacks oxygen? (deoxyribose or ribose)
deoxyribose
List the monomer and polymer of proteins.
Monomer: amino acids
Polymer: polypeptides
Identify one positive and one negative control for this experiment.
A high school chemistry class is experimenting to test the effectiveness of a new antacid in neutralizing stomach acid. They want to ensure that their experiment is well-controlled.
Positive control: a known, effective antacid that is already established
Negative control: a placebo substance that has no known antacid properties
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in H20 are held together by which type of bond?
polar covalent
What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
bonds are broken in a polymer by adding water
A nucleic acid is composed of what 3 parts?
Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
List the monomers and polymer of lipids
monomers: glycerol and fatty acids
polymers: no true polymer/ fatty acid chains
What is the purpose of finding the standard error of the mean?
Researchers use SEM or standard error of the mean, to determine the precision and the confidence in the mean value, or just how well the mean of the sample represents the true mean of the population.
Explain why the meniscus of water in a graduated cylinder is concave.
the adhesive forces are greater than the cohesive forces
List the Elements in each functional group:
Hydroxyl -
Carbonyl -
Carboxyl -
Amino -
Hydroxyl - OH
Carbonyl - C=O
Carboxyl - COOH
Amino - NH2
What are the structural polysaccharides of plants and animals?
plants = cellulose
animals = chitin
List the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids
monomesr: nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
polymers: polynucleotides (DNA and RNA)
Students experimented to measure the lengths of leaves from two different plant groups: Group A and Group B. The measurements (in centimeters) for Group A were 4.5, 5.1, and 4.8, while the measurements for Group B were 6.3, 6.1, and 6.5. Calculate the standard deviation for the lengths of leaves in both groups and determine which group has greater variability.
Group A = 0.244 cm
Group B = 0.164 cm
Identify the 3 properties of water that are responsible for the movement of water from the roots of a plant to its leaves.
Describe the property of carbon that makes it an essential element for life.
Carbon can form diverse molecules because it can bond to 4 other atoms. Its unique electron configuration gives it the ability to form many covalent bonds.
How do you form a peptide bond?
The carboxyl group of one amino acid must be next to the amino group of another amino acid. Peptide bonds form between C-N.
Match the Macromolecule with its Function: