General Chemistry
What are the four essential elements?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen
What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?
Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Are lipids better for long or short term energy storage?
What are the bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide called?
Peptide bonds
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
What is the pH of an acid? pH of a base?
BONUS: What does pH mean mathematically?
pH acid < 7
pH base > 7
pH = log[H+]
What is the structural carbohydrate for animals called? What is the storage carbohydrate for animals called?
BONUS: Plants??
Plants: Cellulose, Starch
What is the name of the lipid that makes up the cell membrane?
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quartenary
Who are the scientists credited with discovering the double helical structure of DNA?
Watson & Crick (ROSALIND FRANKLIN)
What is a trace element? Give an example.
A trace element is an element that is essential for life in trace amounts (ex. Iron, Iodine)
What type of reaction results in a glycosidic linkage? How do you break a glycosidic linkage?
Hydrolysis
Describe the structure of a triglyceride.
a glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails.
What are biological catalysts called?
Enzymes
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a pentose sugar molecule
45.8 g x 1 mol H2O/18 g H2O x 6.022x10^23 molecules H2O/1 mole H2O = 1.53 x 10^24 molecules of water
Is C5H10O4 a carbohydrate? Why or why not?
NO , because C:H:O ration should be 1:2:1
Describe the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat
A saturated fat has no double bonds in the fatty acid chain. (saturated with HYDROGENS)
An unsaturated fat has double bonds in the chain.
Describe the two types of secondary structures that can result during protein formation. What are the bonds that result in secondary structure?
alpha - helix
beta - pleated sheet
H-bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups
List 3 differences between DNA and RNA
RNA - single stranded, uracil base, transmission of genetic information
List at least 3 emergent properties of water and why they are important.
1. Universal Solvent
2. High Heat Capacity
3. Cohesion/Adhesion
4. Surface Tension
5. Capillary Action
6. Density of water as a solid is less than density of water as a liquid.
Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
What is the general structure of a steroid? Name the steroid that all other steroids develop from.
4 fused carbon rings, Cholesterol
All of the amino acids aside from __________ are _________ because there are four different functional groups attached to the central carbon.
glycine, chiral
Which of the nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? Which are purines? How do they pair?
Pyrimidines - C, T, U
Purines - A, G
A -- T, U
G -- C