Pharmacokinetics
What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism?
The liver.
What is the normal range for sodium levels in the blood?
135-145 mEq/L.
What is hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells, resulting in tissue mass enlargement.
What do muscarinic receptors stimulate?
Glands, vessels, bladder/bowel emptying, pupil constriction, decreased heart rate, and bronchoconstriction.
What is the prototype drug for treating acute gout?
Colchicine
What term describes the process by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body?
Metabolism
What is a common treatment for hypernatremia?
Diuretics and hypotonic IV fluids.
What type of cells regenerate quickly?
Labile cells, such as epithelial and GI lining cells
Name an anticholinergic medication used to increase heart rate.
Atropine
What are the common adverse effects of Allopurinol?
CNS effects, bone marrow depression, GI effects, and hepatotoxicity.
Which route of administration circumvents the first-pass effect?
Subcutaneous (Sub-Q), Transdermal, IV, and IM.
What are the cardiac symptoms of hypokalemia?
Hypotension, irregular heart rate, dysrhythmias, and EKG abnormalities.
What is metaplasia?
The transformation of one mature cell type to another that is irregular for the tissue type, often due to chronic irritation.
What are the adverse effects of anticholinergic medications?
Dry mouth, decreased GI motility, decreased GU motility, pupil constriction, increased heart rate, and anhidrosis.
What is the primary nursing consideration for patients taking Baclofen?
Do not stop taking the medication abruptly; taper the dose.
What is the 'first-pass effect' in pharmacokinetics?
The process where PO medications are extensively metabolized by the liver, leaving only a fraction of the dose available for distribution
What ABG values indicate respiratory acidosis?
pH < 7.35 & CO2 > 45.
What are the three routes of cellular healing?
First intention, second intention, and third intention.
What is the primary action of Beta 1 agonist medications?
Increase heart rate and force of contraction.
Name an adverse effect of Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (Flexeril)
Anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and CNS depression
Name one factor that influences pharmacokinetics.
Age, genetics, ethnicity, or comorbidities.
What is Kussmaul's sign associated with?
Metabolic acidosis.
What type of cell growth is considered potentially cancerous?
Dysplasia
Which beta agonist is used in the management of shock due to its action on Beta 1 and some Beta 2 receptors?
Dobutamine
Why should patients sit upright for 30 minutes after taking Biphosphonates?
To prevent GI disturbance.