Concepts and Models of health, disability, and disease
Hearing aids, wheelchair ramps, brail, and subtitles all align with which model of health?
The social model of health
Beta cells produce what?
Insulin
Income and education is _______ related to obesity, whereas sedentary behaviors are ______ related to obesity.
Indirectly, directly
What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolism?
Thrombus = blood clot, embolism = blood clot or other particle that breaks off and flows into the blood stream
What is the true cause of ASD?
There is no specific known cause for autism spectrum disorder
Combines the medical and social model of health.
The biopsychosocial model of health
What does "madhumeha" translate to?
honey urine
What are the three main/broad comorbidities of obesity?
- Diabetes mellitus
- cardiovascular disease
- cancer
How is blood pressure measured?
Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in millimeters of mercury (systolic/diastolic mm Hg)
A chromosomal defect, such as down syndrome, is a _________ cause of intellectual disability.
Congenital
What is paternalism in medicine?
The idea that the doctor knows best because they are the authoritative figure
Why is iodine added to salt?
To prevent iodine deficiencies that can lead to hypothyroidism
An area where the only food options are unhealthy foods that lack nutritional value (fast food, convenience stores, etc.) are known as what?
Food swamps
How can an aneurysm lead to a stroke?
If an aneurysm causes an artery to burst, blood can leak into the brain which causes a hemorrhagic stroke
Risky sexual behaviors (RSBs) are most associated with which neurodevelopmental disorder?
ADHD
An abnormality in body structure/appearance.
ICIDH definition of impairment
What are the three treatments that can be used to treat hyperthyroidism?
1. anti-thyroid medication
2. radioactive iodine
3. partial thyroidectomy
Explain the thrift gene hypothesis.
The theory that throughout history, ethnic groups which have migrated and experienced famine as a result, produced offspring that hold onto weight/have a hard time losing weight. This is because the people who survived the famine were the ones able to reproduce and likely passed those genes ("thrifty genes") onto the next generation(s).
What are vagal maneuvers?
Vagal maneuvers are techniques used to slow down the heart rate:
- holding your breath
- coughing
- dunking face in ice water
What is the difference between an intellectual disability and a specific learning disorder?
Intellectual disabilities impact overall intelligence and daily functioning, whereas specific learning disorders only impact one or a few specific areas of learning (reading, writing, or math), and do not usually effect daily living
Any impairment, activity limitation, or participation restriction that result from the health condition or from personal, societal, or environmental factors in the individual's life.
ICF definition of disability
Hypotension and circulatory collapse can result from?
Acute adrenal insufficiency
Seven different ways of measuring obesity/body composition?
1. BMI
2. waist circumference
3. waist-to-hip ratio
4. skinfold thickness
5. water displacement
6. bioelectrical impedance
7. magnetic resonance imaging/dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
What are the two main types of valvular conditions, and what do they cause/why are they dangerous?
- weakened/leaky/prolapsed valve, which can lead to regurgitation (back flow of blood) that can cause pools of blood to form and create blood clots
- stenosis, which obstructs blood flow from one chamber to another
Which of the developmental disorders might go undetected/be considered an "invisible disability?"
- ADHD (inattentive type)
- specific learning disorder
- autism ("higher functioning"/lower support needs)