Hepatic
More Hepatic
Pancreas and GIT
Renal
Urinalysis
100

What are the induction enzymes?

ALP

GGT

100

What is a classic pattern for cats with primary hepatic lipidosis???? 

*good to know*****

increased ALP but GGT normal or mildly elevated 

(with pancreatitis it would be increased-secondary--cancer or other process causing elevation of ALP)

100

What do beta cells of the pancreas produce?

What do the alpha cells produce?

insulin 

glucagon

100

What relies on muscle mass so you should always consider BCS?

creatinine

100

What urine crystals are seen with PSS?

ammonia biurate

200

What tests evaluate hepatic function?

bile acids 

ammonia

200

What is considered a marker for passive transfer (therefore important if determining FPT) since nursing animals have elevated serum of it?

GGT

200

What test should be used to diagnose EPI?

TLI

200

What is azotemia?

increase in BUN and creatinine

200

Rank the crystal casts (better to real bad)

Hyaline

Granular 

Waxy (bad, chronic tubular damage) ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT

300

What are the leakage enzymes?

What do they detect?

Are they specific for cholestasis?

ALT & AST 

if hepatocytes ruptured/leaking

not particularly, that is GGT & ALP which are induction enzymes

300

What is used as a substitute for ALT and good for large animals that do not have good levels of ALT to be useful for chem panels?

What is it an indication of if it rises within 12-24 hours?

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

acute hepatic insult

300

What test should be used to diagnose pancreatitis?

CPL

in house snap doesnt give exact #

300

What are causes of azotemia?


kidney not being perfused, decreased GFR--super dehydrated (concentrated urine)

300

What crystal is seen with ethylene glycol?

What are the canine and feline thresholds for glucose?

calcium oxalate monohydrate


cats- 280-290mg/dL

dogs-180-220mg/dL

400

What is weird about cats and ALP?


their hepatocytes are not great at producing ALP (not very sensitive but very specific) 

so if an adult cat has an increase, you have a problem!! it is always significant 

400

What test is useless if you already have an increase in bilirubin?

What are the two possible causes for hypocholesterolemia ?

bile acids- it will be increased so waste of money to run it

chronic liver disease of portosystemic shunt 

400

Where is folate absorbed?

Where is cobalamin absorbed?



proximal small intestine 

distal small intestine (requires intrinsic factor)

400

What should you also test for when interpreting BUN and creatinine?

What percent of creatinine is excreted via the kidneys?

What does dehydration do to the BUN and creatinine?

USG

100%

INCREASE (BUN increases first typically)

400

What is the gold standard if you are worried about urine proteinuria (i.e. what test should you run/look at)

What do waxy casts look like?

UPC !!!

sharp edges (they are real bad- chronic tubular damage)

500

What breeds are prone to copper-associated hepatopathy? (causing increase in ALT and AST)

What are the half lives for ALP in cats&dogs ???


bedlington terriers, dalmation, doberman pinscher, labs---- heavy metal damage to the liver=ALT&AST elevation (he stressed this so yeah)

dogs-66hours, cats-6 hours

500

What does tying up cause an increase of?

What is an example of a cardiac biomarker?

CK

BNP (could pick up early on process of heart failure)

500

What pattern is seen with EPI regarding cobalamin and folate?

decreased cobalamin 

increased folate 

500

What is the USG range for isosthenuria?

What is the difference between glomerular and tubular disease?

1.008-1.012

glomerular- proteinemia, urea freely filtered across glomerulus, glomeruli-no regenerative abilities 

tubular- azotemia, regenerative abilities if basement membrane preserved, reabsorption of urea inversely proportional to tubular flow rate, dehydration (increase BUN reabsorption) 


500

What is something you shouldn't be worried about if it is in urinalysis results for a dog?

What can affect the protein in urine results(causing possible false positives)?

Electrolytes and how affected by acute renal failure?


bilirubin (they have a low threshold for it)

an alkaline pH

K way up (lower GFR and lower perfusion- pull in Na and kick out K)

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