Confusing causes
Intermittent exertional chest pain, active smoker, dyslipidemia, class 2 obesity
What is coronary artery disease/stable angina?
The type of LV remodelling/hypertrophy that occurs from chronic pressure overload.
What is concentric LV hypertrophy?
The central tenet of titrating medical therapies for heart failure.
What is "start low, go slow"?
Titrate 2-4 weeks to maximum tolerated dose by 3-6 months.
Cough, angioedema
Two distinguishing features of dyspnea that is specific to heart failure.
What is orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Frequent palpitations, irregularly irregular pulse
What is atrial fibrillation? (with RVR)
The neurohormonal pathway first to respond to poor cardiac output and poor organ perfusion.
What is Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
Medical management of HFrEF is important in reducing these THREE things.
What are morbidity and mortality, hospitalization, and burden of symptoms?
Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia
What are mineralocorticoid receptor antangonists (MRAs)?
Formula for calculating left ventricular ejection fraction.
What is stroke volume / LV end diastolic volume?
Stroke volume = LVEDV - LVSDV
'S4' heart sound, sustained apical impulse, longstanding diabetes, active smoker
What is LVH from essential hypertension?
Main compound stimulates arteriolar vasoconstriction, pituitary ADH secretion, aldosterone secretion by adrenals, and renal tubular Na+ resorption.
What is angiotensin II?
What is digoxin?
Genital mycotic infections, dehydration
What are SGLT2 inhibitors?
Heart failure can be categorized into two types of LV dysfunction. This form of LV dysfunction typically occurs with a "stiff" left ventricle or impaired relaxation.
What is diastolic dysfunction or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?
Intermittent palpitations with previous bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and red painful bumps on the tibia.
What is sarcoidosis?
Name the THREE major categories of NON-ischemic cardiomyopathy?
What is dilated CM, hypertrophic CM and restrictive CM?
Three major considerations in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.
What is oxygenation support, volume status, and blood pressure/MAP?
Remember ABCs. C also means CONSULT.
Disturbed color perception (vision), "ice-cream scoop" ST segment on ECG
What is digoxin?
Pulmonary vascular redistribution, cardiomegaly, interstitial edema/Kerley-B lines, and ONE more CLASSIC chest x-ray feature of CHF.
What are pleural effusions?
...usually bilateral.
Patient reports syncope and JVP demonstrating cannon A-waves.
What is AV-dissociation?
A zinc-activated endopeptidase responsible for breaking down natriuretic peptides
What is neprilysin?
A patient has LVEF < 35% despite optimized medical therapy. Current NYHA 3. Name the last criteria needed for combination ICD+CRT.
What is QRS >130msec with LBBB morphology?
Tinnitus, acute kidney injury, confusion
What is furosemide?
What is Cheynes Strokes respiration?