Vocabulary
Ideas that develop over time about what language use is proper and what varieties are better than others
What is prescriptive grammar?
These are the recorded languages present in England prior to the arrival of Old English aka Anglo-Saxon.
What are Celtic/Welsh/Gaelic and Latin/Roman?
This is the most common way to expand the lexicon.
What is borrowing?
The second person singular pronouns that English speakers have abandoned.
What are thou, thee, and thy?
"Gender", Common/Proper, Mass/Count, etc.
What are noun classes?
The end of the morphological spectrum where all morphemes are separated.
What is analytic morphology?
William the Conqueror brought this language to England in 1066.
What is Old French or Anglo-Norman?
This is when commonly combined morphemes become stored in the Lexicon as a single unit.
What is Lexicalization
This is how compound words are indicated in English.
What is stress?
This semantic participant consciously chooses to initiate an action that usually has visible physical consequences.
What is an agent?
Morphemes that carry grammatical rather than semantic information
What are function morphemes?
England was a bilingual country with English and French for about this long.
What is 300-400 years?
This is the end of the morphological spectrum where all morphemes are separated by pauses.
What is analytic?
The -s in "he runs" is fusional morphology because it combines these three pieces of grammatical information.
What are person, number, and tense?
This semantic participant usually initiates no changes and undergoes no change but is an important, if not primary, semantic participant.
What is a theme?
The most common way of expanding the lexicon
What is borrowing?
An ierthling in Old English had this different sense than it does today.
What is a farmer?
Words like sing, sang, sung are examples of this type of morphology.
What is alternation?
The smallest meaningful unit of speech in a given utterance.
What is a morpheme?
These can substitute for a N, NP, or DP.
What is an Interrogative Pronoun?
Grammatical function words phonologically attached to another word, but more broadly distributed than affixes
What are clitics?
Modern English has words like shirt and skirt with similar forms and slightly different meaning because of this.
What the different pronunciation of Old English and Old Norse/Viking words (scirt)?
A morpheme used to create a new lexical item, usually from a different syntactic category
What is a derivational morpheme?
The process when commonly used compounds or other groups of words get stored in the Lexicon as a single unit for faster retrieval.
What is lexicalization?
These are a subset of plural noun forms existing alongside regular plural noun forms.
What are collective plurals?