Physical Changes and Health
The most prevalent type of cancer in children is ________.
lukemia
Conditions range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder disorder called Asperger syndrome. Children with these disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from ____ to ____ years old.
7; 11
Problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experiences of everyday life.
intelligence
The idea that the letters of the alphabet represent the sounds of the language is known as the __________ principle.
alphabetic
_____ outperform ______ in their use of fine motor skills.
- Improvement of fine motor skills in late childhood results from increased myelination of the CNS
Girls; boys
A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language.
working memory
A rapid increase in IQ scores worldwide, likely due to increasing levels of education, and factors such as the explosion of information to which people are now exposed.
Flynn Effect
Knowledge about language — such as understanding how words and grammar work — is called __________ awareness.
Metalinguistic
During the elementary school years, children grow ________ inches per year and gain ________ pounds per year.
2 to 3; 5 to 7
Difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written language or in doing mathematics. To be classified as this, the problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.
Learning Disability
The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension is ______ and the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is ______.
seriation; transitivity
_______ are tests of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias.
Culture Fair Tests
The __________ approach to reading stresses that reading should parallel children’s natural language learning by using whole words or sentences.
Whole-language
Regular physical activity combined with a high level of calcium intake increases ______ ______.
bone health
Serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Name 2 effective strategies for children to help them improve their information processing skills.
elaboration and mental imagery
_________ is the theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
Triarchic theory of intelligence
The __________ approach emphasizes teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
Phonics
There are significant advances in the _______ ______ (part of the brain) by the end of late childhood.
- This part of the brain coordinates the best neural connections for problem-solving.
prefrontal cortex
A setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
________, ________, and _______ are dimensions of executive function that are most important for 4 to 11 year old children’s cognitive development and school success.
working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility
What are the 5 different areas of intelligence tested in the Wechsler Scales?
1. Verbal Comprehension
2. Working Memory
3. Processing Speed
4. Fluid Reasoning
5. Visual Spatial
In middle and late childhood, children’s mental vocabulary becomes more __________, making categorizing words easier.
organized