Chapter 14
Define pathology
The scientific study of disease
Define pathology & virulence
pathology-ability to cause disease
virulence-extent of pathogenicity
Innate immunity -body defenses against any pathogen
Adaptive immunity - body defenses against specific pathogens
Give the 4 types of adaptive immunity:
Naturally acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
What cell gives humoral immunity?
B cells
Explain the normal microbiota are and how they protect the body
What are the 3 portals of entry?
Skin, Mucous Membranes, & Parenteral
1st - keep pathogens on the outside of the body and/or neutralize them before infection
2nd - Slow or contain infections when 1st line fails.
What the 5 classes of antibodies?
What is the "size"/composition of each?
IgG-monomer
IgM - pentamer
IgA - dimer
IgD & IgE - monomers
Which protein(s) in the complement system cause activation of Mast cells?
What does the Mast cell produce from this activation?
C3A & C5A
Histamine
What are the three catagories of disease transmission?
Contact, Vehicle & Vector
What are the stages of pathogenicity?
1-Gain access to host
2-Adhere to host tissues
3-Evade host defenses
4-Damage host tissues
What is the purpose of the chemical factors of the 1st line of defense?
Give one example of a chemical factor of skin & mucous membranes:
Chemical factors inhibit growth and destroy microbes.
Primary response is the first exposure and programming of lymphocytes.
1st - IgM
2nd - IgG
During the secondary response of antigen exposure, Is there a time lag? why?
Memory cells do not need programming.
Koch's Postulates are used to prove that a specific pathogen causes a specific disease.
Disease is documented in diseased host.
Grown in pure culture & ID
Inoculated in healthy lab animal and disease is replicated. Grown in pure culture and ID to be same.
Pathogens exit in secretions, excretions & tissue that has been shed. Define secretions & excretions:
secretions-process which substances are produced in body and discharged from
excretions-process of elimination from body
List and explain the mechanisms/steps of phagocytosis:
Chemotaxis - chemical attraction of phagocyte to pathogen.
Adherence - attachment of phagocyte's membrane to surface of pathogen.
Ingestion - pseudopods wrap around, engulf & create phagosome
Digestion - fusion of phagosome & lysosome creating phagolysosome. Digestion of pathogen, waste is residual body.
Waste removal - exocytosis of residual body
Agglutination - reduces #
Opsonization - enhances phagocytosis
Neutralization - Blocks attachment
Activation of Complement - Activates C3
Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity - causes destruction of parasite by macrophages & eosinophiles
Explain the serum proteins involved in producing the MAC of the complement system. What does the MAC cause?
C5b, C6, C7, C8 & C9 create the membrane attack complex.
They attach to the surface of the pathogen in a ring, causing a hole and cell contents to leak out, causing cytolysis.
What are the periods of disease in order and explain each.
Incubation-time between initial infection & 1st s/s.
Prodromal-appearance of mild s/s
Period of disease-all s/s, disease most acute
Period of decline-decrease in s/s, patient vulnerable
Period of Convalescence-return to pre-disease state
Regarding exotoxins:
What is the bacterial source, type of molecule, relationship to microorganism (production) & fever producing?
Bacterial source- Gram + bacteria
type of molecule- protein
production - metabolic product of growing cell
fever producing - no
Explain the process of inflammation:
Vasodialation - blood vessels increase in size & carry more blood (red & heat). Increased permeability - plasma leaves vessel causing edema & pain.
Phagocytes migrate to area (chemotaxis), marginate (attach to endothelium) & emigrate (leave vessel to tissues)
Tissue Repair - mitosis and phagocytosis return area to normal
What are the 2 types of T cells?
After activation what is produced?
Helper T cell & Cytotoxic T cell
Activation of each causes Effector cells for fighting pathogen & Memory cells for the future.
Give the 3 components of the 1st line of defense:
Give 4 components of the 2nd line of defense:
Give 2 components of the 3rd line of defense:
1st: skin, mucous membranes, microbiota
2nd: phagocytosis, inflammation, complement system, & fever
3rd: Humoral immunity - B cells
Cell mediated immunity - T cells