History
Father of surgery
Joseph Lister
Virulence
Ability of disease to cause severe consequences
Casual inference/effects model (one-way only)
Directed Acyclic Graph
24 people ate chicken, and 8 are sick. What calculation and perform it
Attack rate. 33.33%
Patients who got a positive test result back were more likely to know their source of exposure
Recall bias
Original polio vaccine
Jonas Salk
Syndemic
Koch's postulates are limited by
Calculate the annual incidence proportion where 25 new cases occur in a population of 1000 where 100 cases remain sick throughout the year
2.5%
Triple blinding is
Partipicants, experiments, and analysts don't know who receives treatment/placebo in clinical trial
His techniques lowered maternal mortality
Ignaz Semmelweis
Holoendemic
Disease that is at a baseline level and occurs more in children because adults build up immunity
Used to predict spread of infectious disease in a closed population
SIR Model (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered)
What does an increase in prevalence affect, how, and why?
PPV (increase) and NPV (decrease), extrinsic properties whereas specificity and sensitvitiy are intrinsic
Hospitalized patients are used as controls in a study
Berksons Bias
Discovered that mosquitoes transmit malaria
Ronald Ross
Sequela
Secondary consequence of a long-term disease
Difference between necessary root and sufficient cause
Necessary- must be in each pie, root- sufficient by itself, sufficient- set of components
In a study, 40 of 200 exposed people get sick, and 10 of 200 unexposed get sick. Name the type of study, calculation, and give the value
Case control, relative risk, 4
Neyman Bias
Pioneered the concept of occupational risk
Bernandino Ramazzini
Type I Error
Null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected
Measures ability to differentiate between positive and negative cases by measuring True Positive vs False Positive Rate
Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve
ARD where 40 of 200 exposed people get sick, and 10 of 200 unexposed get sick
15%
An outbreak has a median incubation of 8 hours with vomiting suggesting what mechanism of illness
Preformed toxin (toxin intoxication)