Basics of Tx
Various objects, pictures, modeling, or prompts the clinician uses to evoke a target response from clients.
What is Treatment Stimuli?
Positively reinforcing and thus increasing the desired behaviors, while undesired behaviors are ignored.
What are Indirect Methods of Response Reduction?
Rewarding all correct responses to establish a skill.
What is Continuous Reinforcement?
Moving a client’s tongue with a tongue blade to demonstrate correct articulatory position.
What is Manual Guidance?
Effects of treatment that are generalized, broader, personally meaningful to the client, and related to quality of life.
What are Functional Outcomes?
Asking the client to name a picture or asking questions such as “What is this?” while showing a picture or an object without modeling a response.
What is an Evoked Trial?
A person who stutters always eats at home so they are never in the situation of having to order food at a restaurant, which triggers their disfluency.
What is Avoidance?
Information given to a client on incorrect responses in order to reduce those responses.
What is Corrective Feedback?
A response maintenance strategy to teach those around the client to identify, prompt, reinforce, and target behaviors in natural settings outside the clinic.
What is Peer Training?
Producing a behavior established in the clinic in other natural settings with no particular reinforcement.
What is Generalization / Generalized Outcomes?
Asking the client to name a picture and then modeling the correct response.
What is a Modeled Trial?
Immediately providing corrective feedback to reduce undesired behaviors.
What are Direct Methods of Response Reduction?
Food and drink rewards that are essential to teach requests for food and drink in a client of any age.
What are Primary Reinforcers?
Procedures to assess generalized production of responses without reinforcing them, measuring against a criterion to be met before shifting training to a more complex level or another target.
What are Probes?
Methods used to maintain treatment gains in natural settings.
What is Maintenance?
Skills and behaviors a client is taught.
A person who stutters responds to a hostile listener by ending the conversation to terminate the aversive event. This behavior needs to be reduced.
What is Escape?
Modeling a behavior for a client, but making it less and less audible over time until finally only an articulatory posture is modeled and then withdrawn to reduce dependence on the prompt.
What is Fading?
AKA "Shaping", A procedure where the target response is broken down into initial, intermediate, and terminal components and taught in an ascending sequence.
What is Successive Approximation?
Individualized Education Programs for children with special needs that are legally mandated in public schools.
What are IEPs?
Individualized Family Service Plans that are legally mandated for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their family members to involve family in the treatment process.
What are IFSPs?
Encouraging a desirable alternative to an undesirable behavior. Eg. Teaching a child to make a verbal request instead of whining.
What is Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA)?
Social or conditioned rewards. Social praise and tokens that represent achievement.
What are Secondary Reinforcers?
The final target behavior in a shaping procedure.
What is the Terminal Response?
A posttreatment assessment to find out if clients have maintained their treatment gains over time. May be scheduled for 6 months or 12 months post-treatment.
What is Follow Up?