Fluid and Electrolytes
A fluid that moves water into cells
What is a hypotonic fluid? +100: name two examples of a hypotonic fluid
How the body compensates for decreased oxygen delivery
What are tachycardia and tachypnea?
Driver of metabolic acid-base buffering system (and normal range)
What is bicarbonate/HCO3-? (22-26)
Used to prevent neural tube defects in pregnancy
What is folic acid?
Most severe manifestations of sodium imbalance
What are seizures/coma/death?
Increases reabsorption of sodium from urine, thereby increasing water retention
What is aldosterone?
Related to inability to absorb B12, presents with neurological symptoms as well as typical anemia s/s
What is pernicious anemia? +100: name the protein responsible for B12 absorption
Driver of respiratory acid-base buffer system (and normal range)
What is CO2? (45-35)
Antidote for iron toxicity
What is deferoxamine?
Abnormally distended, fluid-filled abdomen often associated with cirrhosis
What is ascites?
Two signs you will see in a patient with dysrhythmias, bronchospasm, and weakened bones
What are Trousseau and Chvostek signs?
List 3 s/s specific to iron-deficiency anemia
Hair loss, cheilitis, glossitis, koilonychias, and pica +100: what are the MCV and MCH/MCHC results for this type?
pH: 7.28, CO2: 32, HCO3-: 16
What is uncompensated metabolic acidosis?
Parenteral drug that is contraindicated in allergy to cobalt
What is cyanocobalamin? +100: why is it given parenterally?
The two types of megaloblastic anemias and how to distinguish between them
What are pernicious and folate deficiency anemias? Schilling test/B12 trial and serum folate levels
S/s: peaked T waves, diarrhea, paresthesias, muscle weakness
What is hyperkalemia? +100: what are s/s of hypokalemia?
Two related disorders seen along with classic anemia s/s in aplastic anemia
Neutropenia (increased infection) and thrombocytopenia (decreased clotting)
pH: 7.55, CO2: 60, HCO3-: 32
What is partially compensated metabolic alkalosis? +100: what could cause this condition?
Side effects of epoietin alfa
Effect of renal failure on hemodynamics
What is decreased erythropoietin? (Hormone that stimulates RBC production in bone marrow)
Explain the role of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures at the capillary bed in contributing to edema
Increased hydrostatic pressure -> increased fluid movement OUT of the capillary
Decreased osmotic pressure -> less attraction of water to solutes WITHIN the capillary
Explain involvement of spleen and liver in hemolytic anemia
Spleen filters out and destroys sick or damaged RBCs. Byproduct of RBC destruction is bilirubin, which is excreted through the liver. Splenomegaly: enlargement of spleen due to increased RBC destruction. Jaundice: excessive amounts of bilirubin.
pH: 7.37, CO2: 58, HCO3-: 33
What is fully compensated respiratory acidosis? +100: what could cause this condition?
List 3 nursing implications for warfarin administration
Vitamin K decreases effects, monitor with PT and INR, increases risk of bleeding
Explain the relationship between Hgb and oxygen saturation in an anemic patient
Hgb represents the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and an anemic patient has a decrease in RBCs. SaO2% in this patient will be misleading because even though the Hbg may be fully saturated, the overall decrease in RBCs leads to insufficient O2 delivery for the body's O2 demands.