What is the process of decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus know as?
Habituation
In classical conditioning, what is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response?
Spontaneous Recovery
What are located in the frontal lobe and fire when we perform certain actions or observe another person doing so?
Mirror Neurons
What strengthens a response by reducing or removing a punishing event?
Negative Reinforcers
What is it called when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns?
Instinctive Drift
What is the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli like the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?
Generalization
What is the diminishing of a conditioned response?
Extinction
What is a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus?
Higher-Order Conditioning
In classical conditioning, what is an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response?
Conditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning, and unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus is called what?
Unconditioned Response
What is learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it?
Latent Learning
What is a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment?
Extrinsic Motivation
What is any consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior?
Punisher
What is an innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies an unlearned biological need?
Primary Reinforcer
What is an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior?
Shaping
Learning our native language and various other specific behaviors by observing and imitating others is a process called what?
Modeling
What is our ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for longer-term rewards?
Self-control
People who believe they control their own destiny have what?
Internal Locus of Control
A series of bad events beyond our personal control creates a state of what?
Learned Helplessness
What is attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a problem and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction?
Emotional-focused coping
Explain what most psychologists believe to be the 4 major drawbacks of physical punishment.
Name the 4 schedules of partial reinforcement that Skinner and his collaborators compared.
Fixed-ratio Schedule
Variable-ratio Schedule
Fixed-interval Schedule
Variable-interval Schedule
Name the two main forms of condition learning.
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
According to Skinner good school instruction demands what two things?
1. Students must be told immediately whether what they do is right or wrong.
2. When right, they must be directed to the step to be taken next.
Rewards are most likely to increase productivity if the desired performance is what two things?
Well-defined
Achievable