Krashen
acquisition/learning hypothesis
What kind of research did Schumann do?
sociolinguistic research
first level of his model
exposure
teachers structure the input to teach particular form. Students are asked to noticed but are not asked to produce forms
structure the input
who proposed that output plays a key role in second language acquisition?
Swain
the idea that language is acquired in a natural occurrence
natural order hypothesis
What group did Schumann use as an example?
The Hmong people
second level of his model
input
the teacher teaches the rule and students practice
direct explicit instruction
who identified 3 approaches to teaching grammar
Derewianka
the hypothesis that is used to explain the different functions of acquisition and learning play
monitor hypothesis
What are the first 4 factors that influence social distance?
Social dominance, Integration pattern, Enclosure, Cohesiveness
third level of his model
intake
students look at structures and figure out the rule
indirect explicit instruction
teach grammar rules explicitly and have students practice with decontextualized exercises
Language as structure
Where does the idea of (i+10) come from
input hypothesis
What are the last 4 factors that influence social distance?
Size, Cultural congruence, Attitude, Intended length of residence
fourth level of his model
uptake
students practice specific grammar forms
production practice
teach only a few grammar rules that students can use to monitor output
Language as a mental faculty
explains the role of affective factors in the process if language acquisition
affective filter hypothesis
what are the 3 factors that determine psychological distance a SLL has from the target language and culture
Motivation, attitude, culture shock
last level of his model
proficiency
teacher corrects incorrect grammar structures that students produce
providing negative feedback
following a curriculum cycle, teach grammar forms and functions through modeling, joint construction, and individual practice
language as a functional resource