Sodium
Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia?
Restlessness, dry mouth, excessive thirst, oliguria, weight loss, peripheral edema, elevated blood pressure
What is a normal potassium?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Signs and Symptoms of Hypocalcemia
poor dietary intake, muscle spasms, parathesia, EKG changes: prolonged ST and QT intervals
Trousseau's sign: spasm of fingers when b/p inflated on upper arm
Chvostek's sign: facial twitch one side of face evoke when tapping just below and in front of ear
Weak thready piuse
Signs and Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia
Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, numbness & tingling, tetany, depression, confusion, ileus
What is the normal Phosphorus level?
2.5-4.5 mEq/L
Signs of Hyponatremia?
restlessness, dry mucous membranes, excessive thirst, postural hypotension, tachycardia, weak thready pulse, thready weak pulse, oliguria
Causes of hypokalemia?
GI loss through vomiting, diarrhea, use of laxatives, Cushing's Syndrome, wound drainage, Alkalosis, Renal Disease: impaired reabsorption, water intoxication
Medication: insulin, ASA, prednisone, lithium, laxatives, & gentamycin.
Causes of Hypocalcemia
Malnutrition, Lactose intolerance, Malabsorption, Renal diease, diarrhea, steatorrhea (oily smelly stool that float), Alkalosis, Acute pancreatitis, Alcoholism
Signs and Symptoms Hypermagnesemia
Peripheral vasodilation, Bradycardia, Hypotension, Coma, Loss of Deep Tendon Reflexes, cardiac arrest
Signs of Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia, increased RBC count, Altered Mental Status, delirium, coma, hypotension, cataracts
What is the normal level of Sodium?
135-145 mEq/L
Signs and Symptoms of Hypokalemia
Fatigue, weak irregular pulse, muscle weakness, cramps, nausea/vomiting, ileus, decreased reflexes, polyuria, Hyperglycemia, confusion.
EKG changes: ST depression, flattened T wave, bradycardias, ventricular dysrhythmias
Signs and Symptoms of Hypercalcemia?
Increased Heart Rate and Blood Pressure, high levels will cause bradycardia, blood clots, decreases deep tendon reflexes, decreased peristalsis (constipation), hypoactive bowel sounds, flank pain, fractures
What is the normal level of Magnesium?
1.3-2.5 mEq/L
Causes of Hyperphosphatemia?
Chemotherapy, tumor lysis syndrome renal insufficiency, burns, heat related illness, prolonged immobility, hypocalcemia
Causes of hyponatremia?
Wound drainage, renal disease, certain malignancies: prostate, small cell lung cancer & renal cell cancer, SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia?
EKG Changes: tall-peaked T waves, ventricular fibrillation, vetricular tachycardia, prolonged PR intervals, loss of P Wave
irritibility, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakness, paresthesia,
What is the normal Calcium?
8.5-10.5 mg/L
Causes of Hypomagnesemia?
Malnutrition, Hypocalcemia, steatorrhea, Crohns, Acute Pancreatitis, Renal Disease, Alcoholism, Diuretics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, Primaxin
Causes of hypophosphatemia?
Alcohol withdrawal, DKA recovery phase, chronic ingestion of phosphate binding antacids, TPN with inadequate phosphorus supplementation, Malabsorption Syndrome, Hypercalcemia, Aluminum-containing antacids and diuretics
Causes of hypernatremia?
excessive sodium intake from hypertonic IV saline solutions, tube feedings with high sodium content, inadequate water intake (dehydration), excessive water loss (fever, heat stroke, hyperventilation), excessive corticosteroids, Hyperaldosterone, lithium, colchicine, vinblastine & gentamycin
Causes of Hyperkalemia
Acidosis, chronic use of diuretics, excessive intake of potassium rich foods, crush injuries, Burns, Sepsis, Ace inhibitors, Multiple blood transfusins ( preservatives)
Causes of hypercalcemia?
Excessive oral intake of calcium, excessive para thyroid hormone, renal failure, thiazide diuretics, hyperthyroidism, acidosis, Leukemia
Cause of Hypermagnesemia
Excessive Magnesium Intake, Shock, Burns, Adrenal Insufficiency, Sepsis, Thiazide Diuretic Abuse,Shock
Signs of Hypophosphatemia
Muscle weakness, diplopia, dysphagia, dysarthria, decrease respiratory rate tidal volume, hypotension, hyporeflexia, coma