Unit 2
a cognitive process where prior knowledge, experience, and expectations influence how we interpret sensory information
top-down processing
the most typical or ideal example of a concept or category
Prototypes
a type of learning where behaviors are modified by their consequences. Specifically, it involves associating behaviors with rewards (reinforcement) or punishments, shaping future behavior tendencies
Operant conditioning
a dynamic between a child and caregiver marked by anxiety, uncertainty, and a lack of trust
insecure attachment
a mental framework or cognitive structure that helps organize and interpret information
schema
a step-by-step, logical procedure or formula that guarantees a solution to a specific problem
Algorithm
a parenting approach characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. Parents with this style establish strict rules, expect obedience without explanation, and often use punishment for infractions. They are generally less nurturing and may lack open communication with their children
Authoritarian
a teaching approach where educators provide temporary support to learners, gradually fading this support as they gain proficiency
Scaffolding
the ability to selectively focus on one particular auditory stimulus while ignoring other sounds in a noisy environment (within the concept of selective attention)
Cocktail party effect
a mental shortcut where people make judgments based on how easily examples or information come to mind
The inability to understand that others may have different perspectives, thoughts, or feelings than one's own. It's a cognitive bias, particularly prevalent in children.
Egocentrism
is a learned behavior that occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus after that stimulus has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
a mental shortcut where people make judgments based on how much a situation or event resembles a stereotype in their mind, rather than by a logical analysis
Representative Heuristic
a cognitive bias where individuals continue investing resources (time, money, effort) in a failing endeavor, even when abandoning it would be more rational, because they've already invested heavily
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
any substance or agent that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus during pregnancy
Teratogen
the acquisition of knowledge that isn't immediately apparent until there's an incentive to demonstrate it
latent learning