ENT Drugs
Why are first generation H1 antagonists more sedative?
What is they are more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?
This structure receives vibrations from the stapes footplate and transmits them into the inner ear.
What is the oval window?
This anatomical structure in infants- being shorter, more horizontal, and narrower- predisposes to reflux of nasopharyngeal pathogens into the inner ear.
What is the pharyngotympanic tube?
What embryonic structure gives rise to the cochlear duct?
What is the otic vesicle?
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information for hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brainstem?
What is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?
Which antitussive medication is used to treat a dry, non-productive cough in an adult?
What is dextromethorphan?
This cranial nerve runs through the middle ear and is at risk of injury in chronic otitis media or cholesteatoma.
What is the Facial nerve?
This normal defense mechanism of the respiratory tract is impaired after viral infections, leading to decreased clearance of bacteria and increased risk of secondary infection.
What is mucociliary clearance?
The tympanic cavity and auditory tube both arise from which pharyngeal structure?
What is the first pharyngeal pouch?
In normal hearing, which conduction pathway is more efficient due to amplification by the ossicular system?
What is air conduction?
What is the mechanism of action of guaifenesin?
What is thinning respiratory secretions to facilitate mucus clearance?
What muscle is responsible for adducting the vocal cords during phonation?
What is the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
This pathogen, historically associated with unvaccinated children, can spread hematogenously from localized head and neck infections and cause meningitis.
What is Haemophilus influenza type B?
Which cranial nerve innervates the stapedius muscle derived from the second pharyngeal arch?
What is the facial nerve (CN VII)?
Deflection of stereocilia in this potassium-rich fluid of the inner ear causes depolarization of cochlear hair cells.
What is endolymph?
Besides oxymetazoline, which medication can cause rebound nasal congestion?
What is phenylephrine?
This muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx.
What is the levator veli palatine?
This pathophysiologic change in chronic otitis media results from prolonged negative pressure and retraction of the TM, leading to a keratin-filled cyst that can erode middle ear structures.
What is cholesteatoma?
These migratory embryologic cells give rise to most of the bones and cartilage of the face.
What is neural crest cells?
Activation of the stapedius muscle in response to loud noise is part of which protective reflex that reduces sound conduction?
What is the attenuation reflex?
This β-lactamase inhibitor is added to amoxicillin in the treatment of acute otitis media to overcome bacterial resistance.
What is clavulanic acid?
This nerve innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid.
What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Olfactory receptor neurons pass through the cribriform plate to synapse in this structure, which contains mitral cells that project directly to the cortex.
What is the olfactory bulb?
Failure of fusion between these two embryologic structures results in cleft lip.
What are the maxillary prominence and medial nasal prominence?
As sound waves travel through the cochlea, high-frequency sounds are detected best at which part of the basilar membrane?
What is the base of the cochlea?