Skepticism
The belief that it is impossible to know anything about the external world
What is skepticism
The traditional conception of knowledge.
Justified true belief
Edmund Gettier
The most interesting reading/author from this course.
Any answer.
Descartes
Individually, the items in the JTB are _________ conditions for saying that one possesses knowledge. Taken together they are a _________ condition for saying the same.
Necessary, sufficient.
Gettier cases
"Knowledge is an act of intellectual virtue."
Bonjour
This paradox describes the circular problem that arises during attempts to define knowledge.
Seekers, Meno's, problem of the criterion.
Moore
A more modern philosopher who defended a version of the JTB.
Chisolm, Ayer, etc
Gettier cases attempt to demonstrate this.
Instances where someone has a justified true belief but does not seem to possess knowledge.
Knowledge and belief are fundamentally different.
Prichard
Prichard.
Evidence derived from these can be called into doubt because they have been known to deceive us. Descartes uses the example of a tower that appears small in the distance.
The conception of knowledge as a justified true belief first appears in this Philosophers Theaetetus.
Plato
He argued that a fourth condition must be added to the JTB. That the belief that p must stand in a causal connection with the fact that p.
Goldman
Beliefs whose justification does not depend on other beliefs.
Basic beliefs, grounding beliefs.
His argument against Austen differentiated between defining knowing philosophically and our everyday use of the term.
Stroud
A version of the Gettier problem featuring a stopped clock appears in this philosophers notes written long before Gettier's article was published.
Bertrand Russell
He substituted the justification requirement from the JTB for the idea that "If p were not true, S would not believe that p." & "If p were true, S would believe that p."
Nozick
Hannah Pickard and Bertrand Russell wrote papers on this topic that we read in class.
The problem of other minds.