Muscle
What is the smallest component of a muscle?
Myosin
Describe the types of orders in the reflex center.
1st order: just the spinal cord
2nd order: brain stem
3rd order: cerebral cortex
Is bone a connective tissue?
YES
TRUE
What is the joint we refer to as the jaw?
Temporomandibular
Define the following terms.
- Origin
- Insertion
Origin: Fixed Proximal end of a muscle
Insertion: Distal moveable end of a muscle
How does information flow through a neuron?
Dendrites collect electrical signals
Cell body integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon
Axon passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell or to an effector cell
What are the types of bone marrow? Describe each.
Red bone marrow: forms blood cells like erythrocytes and leukocytes
White/Yellow Bone marrow: does not produce blood cells, made up of primarily fat and used for fat storage
- can return to Red bone marrow if needed
What is the difference between Afferent and Efferent pathways?
Afferent carries information from sensors to the Central Nervous System
Efferent transmits instructions from CNS to effector organs
What is a bursae?
It provides cushion and reduces friction between bones of the joint
Only DIARTHROSES joints have this
What are the muscles of the Axial Skeleton?
- Masseter
- Latissimus Dorsi
What are the functions of the Cerebral Spinal fluid?
- Acts as a shock absorber
- Protects brain and spinal cord
- Maintains pressure between brain, spinal cord and bone
What are the sections of the vertebral column?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal
What is the difference between Temporal and Spatial?
- Temporal: Several small impulses travel down one presynaptic neuron and reach the axon hillock consecutively to cause AP
- Spatial: Several impulses traveling down multiple presynaptic neurons that arrive at the axon hillock at the same time causing an AP
Describe the types of joints and their moveability
Fibrous: Synathroses (immoveable)
Cartilaginous: Amphiarthoses (slightly moveable)
Synovial: Diathroses (freely moveable)
What does calcium do during a muscle contraction?
Calcium is released by the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium will bind to troponin which causes a shape change in the troponin/tropomyosin-complex
Why is the neuron referred to as polar when at resting membrane potential?
Due to the difference in charge between the intra and extra cellular matrix
Describe the steps for intramembranous ossification.
1. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
2. Bone matrix is secreted (osteoblasts) within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
3. Woven bone and periosteum forms
4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum
Why can we dock tails in young animals without the fear of paralysis?
The Spinal cord ends at L1
What are intervertebral disks?
They function as a cushion and is a joint present in the axial skeleton. Has amphiarthroses movement
Explain how different types of muscle utilize different synapse types.
Smooth and Cardiac uses Electrical to send whole organ contractions
What is Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, and Atrophy?
Hyperplasia is an increase in muscle FIBERS (cell amount)
Atrophy is a shrinking of muscles due to no longer being actively stimulated.
Describe the steps for Endochondral Ossification
1. Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model
2. Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model
3. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation
4. Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses in prep for stage 5
5. Ossification of the epiphyses; when completed hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
Discuss the body's physiological response in either the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions in response to environmental stimuli.
Sympathetic:
Dilation of: both pupils and bronchioles of the lungs Increase in: heart (norepinephrine), Blood glucose concentration (release glucose for movement), Blood to skeletal muscles
Slows down peristalticaction(digestion)
Decrease in: Glandular secretion, blood to digestive organs, Relaxation of muscles to gallbladder and urinary bladder
Parasympathetic:
Constriction of: Pupils of eyes, Bronchioles of lungs Decrease in: Heartrate, Blood-glucose concentration, Blood to skeletal muscles
Increase in: Peristaltic action, Glandular secretion, Blood to digestive organs
Contracts: Muscles of gallbladder Urinary bladder
List the bones from proximal to distal of the Thoracic or Pelvic Limb.
Thoracic Limb:
- Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpal Bones, Metacarpal Bones, Phalanges
Pelvic Limb:
- Pelvis, Femur, Patella, Tibia , Tarsal Bones, Metatarsal Bones, Phalanges