Respiration
which of the following conditions would most likely result in hypoxia in a freshwater fish?
A. a cold pond located at high elevation
B. a cold pond located at low elevation
C. a warm pond located at high elevation
D. a warm pond located at low elevation
C. a warm pond located at high elevation
What are the osmotic challenges faced by a freshwater fish?
A. water enters its body from the environment
B. solutes diffuse out of the body into the environment
C. water tends to diffuse out of the body into the environment
D. both A and B
D. both A and B
Which of the following is NOT a way that complement proteins can battle infections?
A. They poke holes in the pathogen
B. They label invaders for phagocytosis
C. They recruit phagocytes
D. They stimulate aldosterone production to increase blood flow to the wound site
D. They stimulate aldosterone production to increase blood flow to the wound site
3
which of the following would shift the oxygen binding/dissociation curve to the left?
A. If the temperature decreased
B. If the partial pressure of oxygen increased
C. If the acidity increased
D. If the acidity decreased
D. if acidity decreased
Which of the following are not filtered out of the glomerulus or reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
A. Proteins
B. Glucose
C. Water
D. Ions
A. proteins
Following binding of an antigen to B cell receptors and presentation of the antigen by B cells to T helper cells during the humoral immune response, which of the following will occur?
A. Mast cells produce histamines
B. Cytotoxic T cells replicate
C. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and begin secreting antibodies
D. T helper cells die
C. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and begin secreting antibodies
when a muscle is contracted, Z-lines move further apart or closer together?
closer together
A. composed of fluids that support sperm and facilitate fertilization
B. 55% of semen volume is sperm
C. Sugars, mucus, enzymes, and acid neutralizers are added from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
it is actually less than 5%
positive pressure is created in the lungs
in mammals, metabolic wastes are excreted as ______
urea
which of the following may result in clonal deletion?
A. the overproduction of histamines
B. an antibody that recognizes a self antigen
C. destruction of B cells by cytotoxic T cells
D. binding of a foreign antigen to the receptor on the surface of a B cell
B. an antibody that recognizes a self antigen
What is considered the "reservoir" of calcium in the muscle cell
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which structure/type of cell is correctly matched with its function?
A. Seminiferous tubules: location of oogenesis
B. Sertoli cells: envelop, nourish, and protect developing sperm cells
C. leydig cells: produce estrogen
D. granulosa cells: covert androgens to estrogens
E. all of the above
F. A & C
G. B & D
G. D & B
Seminiferous tubules: spermatogenesis
Sertoli cells: envelop, nourish, and protect developing sperm cells
Leydig cells: produce androgens
granulosa cells: covert androgens to estrogens
Which is the correct path of air in mammals during exhalation?
A. Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal/oral cavity
B. Alveoli, bronchi, diaphragm, mouth, trachea
C. Nasal/oral cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pharynx, larynx
D. Nasal/oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi
A. alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, nasal/oral cavity
which of the following is likely to occur if the glomerular filtration rate decreases?
A. dilation of the efferent glomerular arteriole
B. decreased Na+ reabsorption
C. reduced renin production
D. increased thirst and water consumption
D. increased thirst and water consumption
What region(s) of an antibody binds to the epitope of the antigen?
variable regions of the heavy and light chains
what causes rigor mortis?
when ATP production stops with death, there is no ATP to bind to myosin to release it from actin
prior: estrogen
post: progesterone
Which of the following is a primary cause of respiratory distress that typically ensues following infection by coronavirus?
A. Lung epithelial cells are overexposed to angiotensin II (angiotensin)
B. Lung epithelial cells are overexposed to aldosterone
C. ACE2 receptors on lung epithelial cells are inactivated by the virus
D. A and C
D. A and C
Which of the following conditions would promote the production of highly concentrated urine?
A. A low concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a low concentration of ADH in the blood
B. A high concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a high concentration of ADH in the blood
C. A low concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a high concentration of ADH in the blood
D. A high concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a low concentration of ADH in the blood
B. A high concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a high concentration of ADH in the blood
Which of the following would be expected to decrease the magnitude of the secondary immune response of the host organism to a pathogen (e.g., responses of memory cells)?
A. If reinfection occurs relatively rapidly following the first infection.
B. During reinfection, the pathogen enters the host organism via a different route than the first time it invaded the host.
C. The pathogen evolves during the interval between the first and second infections.
D. The pathogen uses anaerobic pathways for ATP production.
All the above.
C. the pathogen evolves during the interval between the first and second infections
what source of muscle ATP is available within seconds, but has limited capacity?
glycolytic system
worth double points:
Describe the graafian follicle and explain how the graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum
- follicular cells: thecal cells (androgens) & granulosa cells (androgens --> estrogens)
- after ovulation, follicular cells form the corpus luteum and begin producing estrogen and progesterone