Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Misc.
100

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

monosaccharide

100

What are the monomeric components of triglycerides?

Glycerol, and  3 fatty acids

100

What are the monomeric components of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide- composed of sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

100

What are the monomeric components of a protein?

Amino Acids

100

What are the 4 common structures/molecules across ALL cell types?

DNA, plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytosol

200

What is the general function of carbohydrates for living organisms?

To provide energery
200

Describe the make-up of a phospholipid. Also describe is reaction to water.

Made of Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.


Phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning they have a water loving and a water fearing side.

200

What are the 4 nucleotides in DNA, and what are their binding pairs.

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.

A-T

G-C

200

What is the name of the bond that forms between two protein monomers?

Peptide Bond

200

What organelle contains the DNA? What id a nucleolus?

The Nucleus. 

The nucleolus is within the nucleus and is where the ribosomes are made from RNA and Protein. 

300

What is the name of the bond that forms between two monosaccharides?

glycosidic bond (linkage)

300

Both Cholesterol and Cortisol are classified as lipids, but they are also referred to as what?

Steroids

300

Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA

Single vs. double strand

sugar backbone

Thymine vs. uracil

Only nuclear vs can leave the nucleus

300
Describe the side chain/R group of amino acids. How many amino acids are there?

The side chain is a chemical structure on the amino acid that has different characteristics that are important for dictating how a protein folds.

There are 20 amino acids

300

Of the 3 animal cell tight junctions discussed, which junction acts as an opening from cell to cell?

Gap Junction

400

What polysaccharide makes up the plant cell wall?

Cellulose

400

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated?

Saturated fats have as many hydrogens bound to the carbons as possible, while unsaturated fats have a double bond (making it a cis or trans orientation), preventing all possible hydrogen from binding.


Polyunsaturated fats have multiple double bonds, mono has only one.

400

What does ATP stand for? What is its function? How does it elicit this function?

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

It is used for energy

It creates energy through the breakage of the bonds between the phosphate groups

400

What are the 5 groups of amino acids? (Think of the chemical characteristics of the amino acid side chains)

Non-polar (aliphatic)

Polar

Negatively charged

Positively charged

Non-polar (aromatic)

400

What is a prokaryotic cell wall made up of? What are its basic components?

Peptidoglycan, which is made up of amino acids and monosaccharides

500

Are the carbohydrates Starch and Glycogen mono or polysaccharide molecules? What is their main role?

They are polysaccharides, and they are sugar storage molecules
500

Describe the key structural make up of a steroid. Is it polar/non-polar, hydrophilic/hydrophobic?

steroids have 4 aromatic carbon rings. They are non-polar and hydrophobic

500

Describe the difference in the function/role of DNA vs RNA.

DNA is the genetic material that stores all the necessary information for a cell to live. It remains stored in the nucleus.

RNA is the genetic material that carries parts of the DNA genetic message out of the nucleus, to the cytoplasm to be TRANSLATED into protein, and elicit downstream functional changes in the cell.

500

What are the 4 conformational stages of a protein? Briefly describe each.

Primary- polypeptide chain, linear in form

Secondary- alpha helixes and beta pleaded sheets

Tertiary- fully folded structure of a single protein

Quaternary- fully folded structure of multiple proteins together (Hemoglobin)

500

What organelle would be referred to as the “packaging center”? It is highly important for adding post-translational modifications to proteins and lipids. 

Golgi Apparatus 

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