Cells
This organelle is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs in liver cells
Endoplasmic reticulum
This passive process involves molecules moving from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Diffusion
This phase of cellular respiration has the highest ATP yield
Oxidative phosphorylation
Light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with these two molecules?
ATP and NADPH
One turn of the citric acid cycle releases this many carbon dioxide molecules.
This organelle is involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, & steroids.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
These kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily
Small & hydrophobic
The purpose of the formation of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration is to ________
It allows NAD+ to reform
Explanation:
Cells need a constant supply of NAD+ to accept electrons during glycolysis in order to produce pyruvate from glucose.
Enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in this location of the chloroplast
Stroma
How many molecules of ATP are directly generated per cycle of the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP molecules
This organelle is the site of synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
This type of structure can serve as a receptor or cell recognition molecule on cell surfaces.
(Hint: carbohydrate & protein)
glycoprotein
Which area of the mitochondria would have the lowest pH?
The intermembrane space
Explanation:
ATP synthase, which is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, requires a proton gradient in order to create ATP. This means that the protons need to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This results in the intermembrane space having the lowest pH in the mitochondria, due to the high proton concentration.
The mitochondrial matrix is the interior of the inner mitochondrial membrane, while the cytosol is not a part of the mitochondria. Neither of these have particularly low pH values. Christae are the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase its surface area for the electron transport chain processes; though structurally useful in facilitating respiration, the pH of christae is roughly the same as that of the mitochondrial matrix.
This molecule is the primary electron donor in photosystem II
Water
How many molecules of ATP would be produced and available for use if four molecules of glucose were used during anaerobic respiration?
8
This organelle produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
Golgi apparatus
This type of protein is attached to the extracellular matrix.
Integral
While running a marathon, an individual feels pain and a burning sensation in her legs. One reason for this is the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid which the body does in order to __________.
regenerate NAD+ from NADH
Explanation:
In the absence of available oxygen, the body conducts metabolism anaerobically in a process known as fermentation. During strenuous exercise, like running a marathon, the body needs to generate ATP at a rate faster than oxygen is becoming available.
To combat this issue, the body converts pyruvate and NADH, generated in glycolysis, into lactic acid and NAD+, respectively. This regenerated NAD+ can participate in further glycolysis to generate more ATP, even in the absence of oxygen. Oxygen only becomes a necessary reactant in the electron transport chain; thus, glycolysis can continue to generate limited amounts of ATP in an anaerobic environment as long as NAD+ is present.
During the light-dependent reactions, where in a chloroplast is the enzyme ATP synthase located?
Thylakoid membrane
What is produced during glycolysis?
(per glucose molecule, include specific number of each)
4 ATP molecules produced (2 ATP net produced)
2 NADH
2 pyruvates
These organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes and break down excess or worn-out cell parts.
Lysosomes
When a solute moves down its concentration gradient across a non-permeable barrier, the process is known as __________.
Facilitated diffusion
The drug, DNP, destroys the H+ gradient that forms in the electron transport chain. What is the most likely consequence?
The cells will be forced to perform fermentation.
Explanation:
If the proton gradient of the electron transport chain were to be destroyed, the cell would need to perform cellular respiration without an electron transport chain. The only option would be to move to anaerobic respiration, which requires fermentation.
Chlorophyll absorbs light most effectively in these two wavelength ranges.
(which two colors)
blue and red wavelength ranges.
If 23 molecules of glucose are catabolized, how many molecules of ATP are produced by the Citric Acid Cycle? How many FADH2 molecules and NADH molecules are produced by the cycle?
46 ATP
46 FADH2
138 NADH
Explanation:
23 molecules of glucose are catabolized, and each glucose molecule produces 2 molecules of pyruvate, we have a total of 46 pyruvate molecules entering the citric acid cycle.
Now, let's calculate the ATP, FADH2, and NADH produced per pyruvate, and then multiply by 46 to get the total for 23 molecules of glucose:
So, for 46 pyruvate molecules: