Organelles
What type of cell has membrane-bound organelles?
Eukaryotic Cells
Water
Which cytoskeletal structure acts as roads for vesicles to travel on?
Microtubules
What is the process of mRNA -> protein called?
Translation is done by ribosomes with the decoding done by tRNA.
What cell junction allows for coordinated functions to occur between adjacent cells?
Gap junctions
What is the organelle that performs digestion and recycling in the cell?
Lysosome
What type of molecule can pass through the membrane without the use of a transport protein?
What are the 2 motor proteins that walk vesicles down the microtubules?
Kinesin
Dynein
What keeps DNA tightly wrapped and gets modified when DNA needs to be loosened?
Histone Proteins
Which cell junction is modified to allow immune cells to squeeze between cells that make up blood vessels?
Tight junctions
Where is a protein that does its job in the cytoplasm made?
In ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport moves ions against their concentration gradient which requires ATP. Passive transport moves ions with their concentration gradient which does not require ATP
Which proteins makes up the following cytoskeletal structures?
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Microtubules are made of tubulin
Microfilaments are made of actin
What is the mRNA sequence made from the following DNA sequence?
ATCGTGCGA
UAGCACGCU
What are 2 cell junctions in plant cells?
Plasmodesmata that physically connects adjacent plasma membranes.
Pectin that glues together cell walls
What macromolecule is made in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Lipids
A sodium/potassium pump (Na/K) moves how many sodium ions and potassium ions across a membrane and in what direction?
3 Na+ moves out and 2 K+ moves in
How do cilia and flagella lead to cell movement?
Microtubules are arranged in a "9+2" arrangement. The motor protein dynein pulls the microtubules in opposite directions leading to a bending motion that translates to physical movement.
In what organelle are lysosomal proton pumps made?
In the Rough ER
What type of cytoskeletal structure provides the anchor for desmosomes?
Intermediate filaments
Why does the inner membrane of the mitochondria have many folds?
It increases the surface area for ATP production to take place.
Which cytoskeletal structure is involved in phagocytosis and how is it invovled?
Actin microfilaments are involved. The actin polymer gets extended to push out the plasma membrane to allow for the immune cell to engulf the bacteria.
Explain all the steps involved in a stem cell recognizing a brain-specific extracellular matrix and then becoming a brain cell.
1. Integrins on the stem cell recognize the brain ECM.
2. The DNA for brain-specific proteins is loosened.
3. Transcription factors bind to the loosened DNA and recruit RNA Polymerase
4. RNA polymerase make an mRNA copy of the genes.
5. ribosomes translate into brain specific proteins
What is pemphigus vugaris?
An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the desmosomes that hold skin cells together causing sores and blisters all over the skin.