Chronic Disease
This term describes a condition lasting longer than one year, requiring ongoing care, and often limiting daily activities.
What is a chronic disease?
This level of communication is also known as “self-talk.”
What is intrapersonal communication?
This is the body’s natural reaction to physical, emotional, or psychological demands.
What is stress?
These traditions, beliefs, and influences shape the structure and function of every family.
What are cultural and societal influences?
This term describes the ongoing, lifelong process of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial change.
What is human development?
During pregnancy, nurses teach patients about nutrition, physical changes, and these emotional needs.
What are psychosocial needs?
This developmental period falls between adolescence and young adulthood and involves major transitions and identity exploration.
What is emerging adulthood?
This term describes how individuals see themselves, including identity, body image, and role performance.
What is self-concept?
Nurses must avoid assuming all older adults are forgetful, disabled, or unable to learn, because these incorrect beliefs are known as this.
What are stereotypes?
Reception, perception, and reaction are the three components of this type of human experience.
What is a sensory experience?
Perioperative nursing includes the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of this patient experience.
What is surgery?
These behaviors—like poor nutrition, tobacco use, and alcohol use—increase susceptibility to chronic illness.
What are lifestyle modifiable risk factors?
Encouraging patients to express their feelings is an example of this core nursing concept.
What is caring?
This first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome triggers the “fight-or-flight” response.
What is the alarm stage?
These two groups most commonly take on the role of primary family caregivers.
Who are spouses and adult children?
This theorist emphasized that development is greatly influenced by genetic and physical maturation.
Who is Arnold Gesell?
At birth, nurses support the newborn’s transition to these two major independent functions.
What are circulatory and respiratory function?
Young adults typically demonstrate emotional maturity and physical ability needed for forming this type of close connection.
What is intimacy or healthy intimate relationships?
Physical appearance and how someone views their body are part of this component of self-concept.
What is body image?
To recognize an older adult's true needs, nurses must assess functional, physiological, psychosocial, and emotional status. This approach ensures care is _______.
What is individualized?
This component of sensory experience occurs when a person becomes consciously aware of a stimulus.
What is perception?
Smoking, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, and diabetes are examples of these important preoperative findings.
Smoking, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, and diabetes are examples of these important preoperative findings.
These emotional challenges—such as loneliness and depression—can make coping with chronic illness more difficult.
What are psychosocial stressors?
In this phase of the nurse-patient relationship, the nurse reviews the patient’s chart before meeting them.
What is the preinteraction phase?
In this second stage of GAS, the body adapts and compensates in an attempt to restore balance.
What is the resistance stage?
Poverty, housing insecurity, and domestic violence are examples of these stressors that can negatively impact a family’s ability to promote health.
What are family stressors or social challenges?
This theorist identified life stages characterized by specific psychosocial tasks that must be mastered.
Who is Erik Erikson?
This process begins immediately after delivery and is essential for emotional bonding between parent and infant.
What is parent-child attachment?
Substance use disorder, intimate partner violence, and family history of disease are examples of these factors that affect long-term health.
What are risk factors?
Illness, surgery, and accidents can disrupt these two closely related psychological elements.
What are self-concept and self-esteem?
An older adult with an infection may not develop a fever, demonstrating that signs of illness can appear this way.
What is atypical or blunted?
Difficulty receiving or perceiving stimuli, such as hearing loss or vision changes, is known as this type of sensory alteration.
What is a sensory deficit?
Reviewing past surgical experiences, clarifying concerns, and providing teaching help reduce this common preoperative emotional response.
What is anxiety?
When children have chronic illness, this area of life is often disrupted, affecting learning and routine.
What is school attendance?
This type of communication—expressed through body language, facial expressions, and tone—often conveys meaning more accurately than spoken words.
What is nonverbal communication?
This final stage of GAS occurs when prolonged stress depletes coping mechanisms.
What is the exhaustion stage?
When viewing the family in this way, the nurse focuses primarily on how the family affects the patient’s health.
What is family as context?
Nurses use these theories to compare what behaviors should be present at a given age with what they actually observe.
What are developmental theories?
urses monitor both fine-motor and this type of motor development to identify delays.
What is gross-motor development?
Limited resources and poverty may impair cognitive skills and reduce access to these essential services.
What is healthcare (or health services)?
When nurses gather information about how a patient views themselves and how their family perceives them, they are performing this step of the nursing process.
What is assessment?
Sound clinical judgment requires nurses to interpret assessment findings within the context of expected _______ changes.
What are age-related changes?
When external stimuli are meaningless or insufficient, a patient may experience this.
What is sensory deprivation?
Nurses teach breathing exercises and mobility techniques before surgery to promote this type of postoperative function.
What is ventilatory function or physical mobility?
This model includes six elements focused on self-management, community support, and healthcare teamwork.
What is the Chronic Care Model?
Clarity, timing, vocabulary, and pacing are key elements of this form of communication.
What is verbal communication?
Nightmares, fear, and emotional detachment are common symptoms of this stress-related disorder.
What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
This perspective treats the family as interconnected parts where change in one member affects the whole unit.
What is family as a system?
Developmental theories help nurses evaluate these three broad areas of patient function: cognitive, physical, and _______.
What are psychosocial needs?
As children grow, this type of development—shaped by family and environment—includes learning, problem-solving, and thinking.
What is cognitive development?
During emerging and young adulthood, these two critical thinking abilities steadily increase, supporting personal and professional growth.
What are problem-solving and decision-making?
Interventions such as expanding self-awareness and promoting self-exploration support this aspect of patient well-being.
What is self-evaluation or improving self-concept?
Retirement, the death of a spouse, and declining physical strength are examples of these life tasks older adults must adjust to.
What are developmental tasks or transitions?
This sensory condition occurs when a person receives more stimulation than they can process.
What is sensory overload?
During surgery, nurses must anticipate risks such as pressure injuries and sprains related to this essential action performed before surgical incision.
What is patient positioning?
This term describes the physical, emotional, and financial strain experienced by those providing long-term care to a family member with chronic illness.
What is caregiver burden?
This model explains communication as dynamic and includes the referent, sender/receiver, message, channels, feedback, and environment.
What is the circular transactional model?
This model views stress as a system response and focuses on protecting the patient by strengthening lines of defense.
What is Neuman’s Systems Model?
This type of care requires continuous assessment and collaboration to address the changing needs of both patients and their loved ones.
What is family-centered care?
When a nurse identifies that a patient’s behavior differs from expected developmental norms, the nurse is recognizing this.
What is a developmental deviation or delay?
Play evolves from solitary play in infancy to this type of more interactive play in later childhood.
What is cooperative or interactive play?
Career transitions, caregiving for aging parents, and family responsibilities commonly occur during which life stage?
What is middle adulthood?
Planning care for self-concept disturbances requires nurses and patients to work together to set these types of outcomes.
What are realistic, measurable outcomes?
Loss of skin elasticity, reduced cough reflex, and decreased cardiac output are examples of these natural processes that increase vulnerability.
What are normal physiological changes of aging?
As people age, this gradually declines across all senses, contributing to sensory alterations.
What is sensory acuity?
This standardized hand-off tool—Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation—helps ensure correct surgery at the correct site.
What is SBAR?
When chronic illness causes depression or isolation, nurses should assess this concept, which reflects a patient’s ability to cope with long-term illness demands.
What is psychosocial adaptation?
Nurses use this skill to interpret patient messages, reflect on past interactions, and correct misinformation.
What is critical thinking?
This adaptation-based model explains how individuals respond to stress using physiological and psychosocial coping mechanisms.
What is Roy’s Adaptation Model?
This unit remains the primary setting where health beliefs, values, and behaviors are first learned and reinforced.
What is the family?
Nurses use developmental theories during this stage of the nursing process to select age-appropriate interventions.
What is planning (or implementation)?
Nurses monitor organ system maturation and physical growth to identify these early signs of concern.
What are developmental concerns or delays?
Stress, obesity, and low health literacy are common health concerns for adults in this age group.
What is middle adulthood?
Effective evaluation focuses not only on clinical findings but also on this essential perspective
What is the patient’s perspective?
Delirium, dementia, and depression may look alike, making this step essential to ensuring proper treatment.
What is accurate diagnosis?
A comprehensive sensory assessment includes mental status, physical assessment, and evaluating these environmental dangers.
What are environmental hazards?
Maintaining this is the number one priority during the early postoperative period.
What is a patent airway?
This key element of the Chronic Care Model focuses on preparing patients to manage symptoms, monitor their condition, and make lifestyle changes.
What is self-management support?
This mnemonic—Illness severity, Patient summary, Action items, Situational awareness, and Synthesis by receiver—supports safe handoff communication.
What is I-PASS?
When emotional demands exceed a nurse’s resources, this state of emotional and physical exhaustion may occur, often paired with reduced empathy.
What is compassion fatigue?
Evaluating the effectiveness of family nursing care involves comparing patient and family responses to these predetermined clinical expectations.
What are planned outcomes?
This phrase reflects the idea that development continues well past childhood and adolescence.
What is lifelong or across the lifespan?
This form of development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships that grow rapidly during childhood.
What is psychosocial development?
When nurses help adults build positive health habits and respond to life changes such as job shifts or parenthood, they are offering this proactive type of support.
What is anticipatory guidance?
These differences significantly affect self-concept and self-esteem and must be considered to provide respectful care.
What are cultural variations or cultural factors?
When evaluating older adults, nurses must consider finances, housing, family roles, social support, and spirituality—an approach known as this type of assessment.
What is holistic assessment?
Nurses match expected signs of sensory problems with patient data to make these key decisions in care.
What are clinical judgments?
Early mobility protocols are essential to prevent this serious postoperative complication involving blood clot formation.
What is deep vein thromboembolism (DVT)?
A community with limited access to healthy food, transportation, and preventive screenings demonstrates barriers most closely linked to this broader public health concept.
What are social determinants of health?
Effective communication with older adults requires nurses to adapt these two aspects of their interaction to meet age-specific needs.
What are communication approaches or techniques?
This condition develops gradually from chronic workplace stress and can lead to poor decision-making and loss of professional identity.
What is burnout?
The ultimate aim of family nursing is to strengthen this ability among family members, enabling them to support one another effectively.
What is the ability to function or family functioning?
When a nurse adapts communication, teaching, and care strategies based on a patient’s developmental stage, they are applying this concept.
What is individualized or developmentally appropriate care?
This proactive nursing approach teaches parents what to expect at each stage and how to reduce health risks.
What is anticipatory guidance?
Nurses promote wellness by assessing these two developmental areas—one involving emotions and one involving thinking abilities.
What are emotional and cognitive development?
A nurse’s own self-concept can be influenced by this aspect of their workplace, which also affects confidence and performance.
What is the practice environment (or work environment)?
Elder abuse often occurs at the hands of these individuals and may go unnoticed due to fear or denial.
Who are family caregivers?
Patients should help create this type of plan, ensuring nursing diagnoses and outcomes are realistic and meaningful.
What is an individualized plan of care?
Because ambulatory surgery patients go home quickly, this must be accurate, culturally appropriate, and tailored to the patient.
What is discharge teaching or patient education?
In the Chronic Care Model, this specific element requires healthcare organizations to redesign workflows and policies to ensure that proactive, planned, and population-level care replaces reactive, acute-event–focused care.
What is delivery system design?
While therapeutic techniques build trust and promote healing, these types of techniques—such as giving unsolicited advice or minimizing feelings—can damage the nurse-patient relationship.
What are nontherapeutic communication techniques?
This form of intervention aims to restore a patient’s functioning after coping strategies fail, and may also promote long-term personal growth.
What is crisis intervention?
This overarching goal includes reducing barriers to care and supporting both the individual and the family toward achieving optimal health outcomes.
What is the goal of family nursing?
Nurses rely on developmental theories to understand normal patterns, identify deviations, and guide interventions—all essential components of this nursing framework.
What is the nursing process?
Through newborn care, developmental monitoring, and family education, nurses foster this lifelong outcome that begins as early as infancy.
What is lifelong wellness?
Addressing social determinants of health, supporting decision-making skills, and promoting long-term wellness are all part of the nurse’s role in caring for which two major adult groups?
Who are young adults and middle adults?
This form of collaboration among healthcare providers can strengthen a nurse’s professional self-concept and enhance care quality.
What is effective teamwork?
The ultimate goal of nursing interventions with older adults is to help them maintain this highest possible level of daily functioning.
What is independence (or optimal functioning)?
When evaluating care for sensory alterations, nurses should analyze environmental hazards and include this essential perspective in determining effectiveness.
What is the patient’s perception?
The overarching goal of perioperative nursing is to reduce complications, ensure safe transitions, and prepare patients for this stage after hospitalization.
What is optimal recovery at home?