Learning 1
What is learning?
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
What are the two ways in which cognitive learning occurs?
observing events and others and using language to acquire information about events experienced by others
What gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer?
Secondary conditioned reinforcer
What is the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information?
Memory
What type of memory provides temporary storage for information transferred from sensory and long-term memory?
Short-term memory
What is the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior?
Extinction
What reflects visual processing and mentally represents the actions of others?
Mirror neurons
What is it called when a reward always follows the behavior?
Continuous reinforcement
What is the process of getting memory out of storage?
Retrieval
What type of memory stores information just long enough for us to pay attention to it?
Sensory memory
What law describes behaviors leading to a pleasant event are strengthened and behaviors leading to an unpleasant event are weakened?
Thorndlike’s Law of Effect
What type of learning occurs in the absence of reinforcement?
Latent learning
What is positive punishment?
adding something undesirable
What is the rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory?
Elaborative rehearsal
What category of long-term memory includes memories of particular events?
Episodic memory
What kind of conditioning involves a new stimulus becoming associated with a conditioned stimulus, acquiring the ability to elicit a response even without direct pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning
What is a relatively simple, unlearned behavior, governed by the nervous system, that occurs automatically when the appropriate stimulus is presented
Reflex
What schedule rewards after specified number of responses?
Fixed ratio schedule
What is the unconscious encoding of incidental information such a space, time, and frequency?
Automatic processing
What is called when someone incorporates misleading information into one’s memory of an event?
Misinformation effect
Who was famous for the Bobo Doll Study and believes most human behavior is acquired through observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What is the initial stage of learning the association?
Acquisition
What schedule rewards after an unpredictable amount of time?
Variable interval schedule
What type of amnesia is for events or facts from before a critical event?
Retrograde amnesia
What is it called when new learning interferes with the storage and retrieval of previously formed memories?
Retroactive interference