Officer Resilience
Critical Incident Stress
Improvised Explosive Devices
Basic Collision Investigation
Authentication of Identity Documents
Courtroom Evidence
5th Amendment
Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Spray
Wound Analysis
100
Sometimes referred to as "mental toughness", this term is the ability to bounce back from challenges and stress.
Bonus 100: ______ is defined as "The non-specific response of the body to any demand".
Resilience
Remember the egg vs. tennis ball analogy.
Bonus: Stress
100
A "critical incident" and a "crisis" are both "events that are grave, crucial, momentous, and sometimes life threatening".
THIS is the distinction between the two.
A "critical incident" may be predictable. (Sturgis Motorcycle Rally)
A "crisis" is unpredictable, sudden and arbitrary. (Meteorite crashes through Visitor Center)
100
"The count shall be three"
List the three primary effects of an explosion:
1) Thermal Effect
2) B______ __________ Effect
3) F____________ Effect
Thermal Effect
Blast Pressure Effect
Fragmentation Effect
100
The objectives of traffic collision investigation is 1) protection of life and property, 2) collection/preservation of evidence, 3) determination of cause.
The process of collision reduction/prevention involves a comprehensive effort of three disciplines known as the 3 E's (name two).
Ed________
En__________
En__________
Education
Engineering
Enforcement
100
The I-766 is issued to Non-immigrants (aliens). What is this card called?
Employment Authorization Card
100
The Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) apply to WHAT of the following:
Trial
Initial Appearance
Detention & Identity Hearings
Preliminary Hearings
Arraignments
Grand Jury Hearings
Sentencing Proceedings
Appeals
ONLY Trials
(exception of privileges...working knowledge only)
100
Verbalize the Miranda equation (full words):
C + I (KC) = M
Custody + Interrogation (by Known Cops) = Miranda
100
During this decade, Oleoresin Capsicum (O.C.) began to be manufactured for personal protection and animal defense and was soon utilized by law enforcement agencies.
1980's
100
This is the definition of Entomology.
The scientific study of insect evidence to aid a legal investigation.
200
The "Stress Response" is a biological response in which our mind and body instinctively prepares to face danger. It can be summarized by these three "F"s.
Fight
Flight
Freeze
200
Critical Incident: an event requiring an extraordinary degree of _________ by the individual who experiences the event.
Adaptation
200
2-Part:
This is the least damaging effect of an explosion.
This is the most powerful and damaging effect of an explosion.
Thermal Effect: insignificant part of an explosion (unless combined with highly combustible materials such as propane tank)
Blast Pressure Effect: Extremely hot, dense high pressure gases expand out from point of detonation.
The blast pressure wave can be confined and reflected depending on surrounding environment (tunnels, buildings, walls, corridors, trenches) and become amplified.
200
Properly order the sequence of events for an LEO arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle collision:
-Determine if injuries are present and EMS is needed
-Identify drivers and witnesses. Run DL's and vehicle plates
-Survey scene for potential dangers and make safe
Bonus 100: What training program was authorized by Congress to provide training to first responders involved in managing vehicle collision scenes?
-Survey scene for potential dangers and make safe
-Determine if injuries are present and EMS is needed
-Identify drivers and witnesses. Run DL's and vehicle plates
Bonus: National Traffic Incident Management (TIM) Responder Training Program.
200
The I-551 has commonly been referred to as the "Green Card". What is the actual name of this card and for how long is it valid?
Permanent Resident Alien Card
10 years
200
After the prosecution's (gov't) "case-in-chief", which is when the gov't calls witnesses and offers exhibits, the defense MAY present witnesses and evidence in support of the defendant.
After the defense presents a case, this is the name a follow-up case by the gov't to challenge the evidence that the defense presented.
R______ Case
Rebuttal Case
ONLY used to refute evidence brought up by the defense.
200
For a Miranda waiver to be valid, it must be given:
V________
K_________
I__________
Voluntary (free, deliberate choice)
Knowing
Intelligent (for Knowing and Intelligent, the courts consider the suspect's age, education, understanding, familiarity with the criminal justice system, mental condition, drug impairment, language barrier)
200
O.C. is derived from VARIOUS PEPPERS, and is actually a vegetable/plant product and is not a true chemical product.
O.C. is classified as an ____________ agent.
Inflammatory
200
This is the definition of Hypostasis (also called livor mortis or postmortem lividity).
Pooling of blood as it accumulates at the lowest parts of the body, being pulled down by gravity; is a method of determining the position of the body at/after death.
300
Real stress is a process:
1) Alarm (cause)
2) Stress Response (reaction: fight/flight/freeze)
3) Relaxation Response (rest and recovery)
If the Relaxation Response is not reached, a chemical imbalance can cause harm to the body.
LEO's may enter into a state of constant aroused senses. This inability to go "off-duty" prohibits the Relaxation Response. What term describes this state of constant aroused senses?
Hyper-vigilance
300
This is the part of the brain that regulates homeostasis, emotions and feelings of pain and pleasure.
Hypothalamus
300
Primary Blast Injury is caused directly by the blast pressure wave upon the body.
This is a Secondary Blast Injury.
Bonus 100: Which of the above two types of blast injuries are the most common cause of death in an explosion?
Injury caused by propelled fragmentation.
Primary fragmentation is material ejected from the actual device (shrapnel from grenade), while secondary fragmentation are objects propelled from around the detonation (rocks, building material, bones).
Bonus: Secondary blast injuries (broken glass is the most common secondary blast injury)
300
These are the three areas an investigation of a collision scene will focus on (List one):
1)
2)
3) The road or driving environment
Bonus 100: What is the most common primary contributing factor in the occurrence of vehicle collisions?
1) Driver(s) and witnesses involved
2) The vehicle(s) involved
Bonus: The Driver!
300
This area of ALL passports contains a standardized format.
Machine Readable Zone (MRZ)
300
This is the standard by which evidence will be admissible or not.
"...any tendency to prove or disprove a fact that is in issue in the trial."
Relevant (Relevancy Standard)
300
Once the right to council is invoked, when may an officer re-engage?
Once the right to silence is invoked, when may an officer re-engage?
Council:
Defendant initiates
Attorney present
After 14 days
Silence:
After 2-hour "cooling period"
300
The standard hotness/pungency in O.C. for law enforcement purposes is 2 million Scoville Heat Units (SHU) or 1.25% capsacinoid contents.
This is the effect of a higher percentage of capsacinoid contents in O.C.
Longer recovery time
300
Locard's Exchange Principle teaches this.
Every contact leaves a trace. A theory stating that anyone who enters an environment will leave something behind and/or take something away.
("leave no trace" is a crock)
400
A model used to breakdown the stress response into separate parts is the "ABC" model:
A) Activating event; source of stress
B) Belief system (how one evaluates the event as positive, negative or neutral)
C) Consequences
Which of the "ABC"s is usually most effective at coping with stress?
Belief system
By adjusting one's belief and perspective on the source of stress (Activating event) we can limit the power that the event has over our life.
400
Officer Valladarez was assaulted by a his AO. During that critical incident Valladarez experienced a sensation of slow motion.
These are other physiological responses that occur during a critical incident.
List 2
Time Distortion
Slow Motion
Fast Motion
Auditory Distortion (Auditory Exclusion)
Diminished Sound
Intensified Sound
Visual Distortion
Tunnel Vision
Heightened sense of detail
400
Four components of an IED:
P
I
E
S
Power source
Initiator
Explosive
Switch
400
THIS is the one of, if not the most important, pieces of evidence in determining how and why a collision occurred.
Skid mark evidence: involved parties cannot dispute skid marks, nor can they easily alter the evidence.
400
Where is Microprint typically found?
Name one area.
Border, background, graphics
400
Give an example of Direct evidence and Circumstantial evidence.
Direct: proves a fact without an inference/conclusion
Circumstantial: proves a fact indirectly through an inference, deduction, or a conclusion.
400
SCENARIO
400
The contents of a canister of O.C. are these three broad components.
Bonus 100: Which of the three components composes the majority of the contents?
-O.C. solution (usually 10%, of which 1.25% is composed of capsaicinoids)
-Solvents/Carriers
-Propellants (Nitrogen, Propane, Co2, Butante)
Bonus: Solvents/Carriers
400
Also referred to as "tattooing", this term describes the disposition of minute burn marks left by gunpowder as it leaves the gun. Often visible on close range gunshot wounds.
Stippling
500
In order to promote the "Relaxation Response" to stress, a person may incorporate these immediate, short-term reliefs.
Name one.
Deep breathing (tactical breathing)
Quieting response (find a quiet location, close eyes)
Meditation
Humor
500
Officer Hanks is involved in an on-duty shooting. He later isolates himself from his peers as he feels like no one cares or understands what he is going through.
Isolation is a psychological effects of a delayed critical incident response (post-response).
List 1 other psychological effect.
Denial
Isolation
Preoccupation with the event
Heightened sensitivity to others' reactions
500
2-Part:
Black powder and smokeless powder are the most commonly used explosives for IED's in U.S. What type of explosives are they?
This is the most common IED's in U.S.
Low Explosives: produces longer lasting thermal effect with lower temperatures. When unconfined, responds to initiation by deflagration or burning.
Pipe Bombs
500
This type of skid marks are probably the most important to the investigator because they identify when the driver decided something was wrong and utilized an evasive maneuver. (ghost)
Bonus 100: This is "a pointed area of land at the fork created by the convergence of two roads at a sharp angle and bounded by the edges of the roads."
Impending Skid Marks
Bonus: Gore
500
Name the type of ink that will change color or vary optically as the angle of lighting changes.
Optically Variable Ink
500
The government cannot used uncharged crimes or wrongdoing to prove that the defendant "did it before, so he must have done it again". This is called "propensity evidence" and is inadmissible.
HOWEVER, some past acts (including bad/criminal acts) may be admissible if those acts help prove the charged crimes.
List two examples.
Motive
Intent
Knowledge
Plan or preparation
Opportunity to commit the crime
Modus Operandi
Identity of the perpetrator
Impeachment
500
SCENARIO
500
2-part:
This is the shelf-life of O.C. and this is the frequency that the canister should be shaken to mix the contents.
3-5 years (aerosol will become ineffective)
Monthly
500
This type of injury accounts for 99% of criminal injuries.
Blunt Force Trauma
600
The ACT model guides us when dealing with a co-worker who is overwhelmed with stress and may pose a threat to themselves and/or others.
A: Ask "are you thinking of killing yourself"
C: Care (listen with compassion and concern)
T:
Take Action: refer to competent, professional resources
600
The way one views or interprets events, not the events themselves, is the true source of most stress.
"C_________ Restructuring" means changing a perception from a negative interpretation to a neutral or positive one, thus making it less stressful (reappraisal, relabeling, reframing).
Cognitive Restructuring
600
Two-part: Regarding Vehicle-Borne IED's, the most common type of vehicle used is this, and this is commonly where the explosive load is stored.
Bonus 100: Approx. 70% of VBIED incidents involve explosive loads of 20-___ pounds.
Bonus 200: This type of explosive material is most commonly used in VBIED's.
Sedan, trunk.
Bonus 100: 20-200 pounds
Bonus 200: Homemade ammonium nitrate-based and urea nitrate-based explosives
600
This will be used/referenced by the investigator to prepare a Crash Scene Diagram and Crash Scene Narrative.
Field Sketch
600
Indications of a Trace-Over include differences in these two features.
Ink
Font
600
Generally, a lay witness may only testify from personal knowledge.
In matters of opinion, a lay witness may only testify about matters that are within the perception of an ordinary person, "from a process of reasoning familiar in everyday life".
List 2 examples given by the courts:
H___________
V_____
E_________ ________
No requiring scientific or technical knowledge
Handwriting
Voice
Emotional Condition
600
SCENARIO
600
3-part:
This is the ideal distance for spraying a subject with O.C.
This is the recommended duration of the burst and the target zone.
4-8 feet
1-2 second burst directly into the face
600
"Hilt Mark" describes this type of injury.
Bruising appearance at point of stabbing when enough force applied for complete penetration of the tool to the base of the blade is accomplished.
700
Officer Oles routinely patrols his area and imagines a variety of situations that may occur during his shift. He thinks about how he would respond to emergencies.
When Oles responds to a critical incident, he will be more mentally prepared because of this strategy/practice described above.
Mental rehearsal ("if-then" or "when-then" thinking)
700
When searching a building for an IED, an axiom to remember is: "Outside to inside, bottom to top, public to private".
Common interior public areas where an IED may be concealed include:
1) Lobbies
2) E
3) R
4) S
Elevators
Restrooms
Stairwells
700
TIM classifies traffic incidents by anticipated duration of processing the scene. What are the time ranges? Correctly answer two.
Minor: <__ Minutes
Intermediate: __ Minutes to _ Hours
Major: > _ Hours
Minor: <30 Minutes
Intermediate: 30 Minutes to 2 Hours
Major: >2 Hours
700
List two of the three most commonly altered parts of ID documents.
Photo
Expiration Date
DOB
700
The defense will attempt to "i_________" the government's witness by attacking her credibility. The government may then be permitted to "r__________" the witness to restore credibility.
Impeach
Rehabilitate
700
SCENARIO
700
The effects of O.C. will vary from person to person, but generally these three areas will be effected:
Eyes: Severe twitching and spasmodic contraction of the eyelids
Skin: Burning sensation on the skin and mucous membranes of nose and mouth
This is the third area affected.
Bonus 100: If symptoms persist longer than __ minutes, medical attention should be obtained.
Respiratory System: uncontrollable coughing, shortness of breath and gagging sensation
Bonus: 45 minutes
700
Officer Dillon is dispatched to Madison Campground for a report of this, the second most common cause of homicidal death in the U.S.
Sharp force injuries (stabbings)
800
When considering evacuation perimeters, the "Mandatory Evacuation Distance" relates to "Blast zone", while the "Preferred Evacuation Distance" relates to "Fragmentation zone".
List 2 of the 3 preferred evacuation distances (ft):
1) Small IED:
2) Large IED:
3) Sedan VBIED:
Small IED: 1,200 feet
Large IED: 1,850 feet
Sedan VBIED: 1,900 feet
800
Identify the red-shaded blocks as defined by TIM training. Correctly name 3.
800
PLEASE. Name 3 features to examine while authenticating ID's.
P
L
E
A
S
E
Photograph
Logo
Expiration Date
Age
Signature
Evidence of Alteration
800
If a witness forgets a fact while testifying, he can "refresh" his memory by using anything that would remind him (sketches, photos, physical objects, reports, notes, and documents by other LEO's or Non-LEO's).
Two-part:
Can the witness then read the item to the court (i.e. notes)?
Can the opposite party (defendant/prosecutor) request the item used to refresh the memory?
No, once the witness' memory is refreshed, the witness will then testify from memory.
Yes, the item may be used for impeachment purposes.
800
SCENARIO
800
Once O.C. is drawn, these are the three positions that the LEO will hold the unit.
High Ready: centerline of officer's body in a high profile position.
Low Ready: concealed behind officer's leg.
Loaded Position: unit is extended and aimed in toward subject and the officer's opposite hand is placed in front of his/her face to strike or redirect subject if they close distance.
800
What role do Langer's Lines/Lines of Cleavage play in the effect of a cutting injury?
Bonus 100: The coloring of bruising is a good indicator of time-since-injury. Order these bruising colors chronologically (first to last):
Blue
Red
Purple
Langer's Lines are areas of tension of the tissue created by underlying collagen structures.
Wounds produced parallel to the lines will be apt to take the form of narrow slits, where perpendicular injuries will gape because they are pulled by tension.
