Biological and environmental foundations
Cognitive and Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Physical Development in infancy and toddlerhood
Research Theory and Design
Prenatal Development
100

An individual's directly observable physical and behavioral characteristics which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors

what is phenotype?

100

A range of tasks that the child cannot handle alone but can do with the help of a more skilled partner.

What is the zone of proximal development?

100

The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development was the sensorimotor stage.  
The next stage, encompassing early childhood,
is called __________________.

Pre-operational stage

100

This type of research design includes people of different ages at one point in time

Cross-sectional design

100

What are example of teratogens?

Illegal drugs, alcohol, radiation,
and environmental pollution are
examples of these.

200

Measures the extent to which
traits in a large population are
due to genetic factors

What is heritability?

200

As posited by Piaget’s cognitive
development theory, this type of
change involves integrating new
information into existing structures.

What is assimilation?

200

Describes how growth and motor
control progresses from “head to
tail”

What is the cephalocaudal trend?

200

What is correlational design?

A research design in which information is gathered on individuals without altering their experiences and then examine relationships between participants characteristics and their behavior or development.

200

This is a white substance that
protects the baby’s skin from
getting chapped in the placenta.

What is the vernix?

300

This type of genetic influence
involves the individual seeking an
environment that is most
compatible with their genes

What is active/niche-picking
influence?

300

When a child applies a word to a
wider collection of objects and
events than is appropriate.

What is overextension?

300

A theory that suggests that a
a person develops within a multi-
layered system of relationships

What is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory?

300
A time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge such as language.

What is a sensitive period?

300

The ability to discriminate lights,
shadows, and colors. This
develops within a baby’s first few
months.

What is visual acuity?

400

In Crystal & Stevenson (1995),
this was the most common
response from Taiwanese
individuals when asked to
describe a typical “bad” kid.

What is rebelling against society?

400

A form of communication made up of high-pitched short sentences, exaggerated expressions, and clear pronunciation.

What is infant-directed speech?

400

This scale assesses newborn’s
conditions on an overall 10 point
scale.

What is the APGAR scale?

400

Morelli et al. (1992) discussed
how these values contributed to
why American families chose not
to co-sleep with their children

What are independence and self-
reliance?

400

A hollow, fluid filled ball of cells
that forms 4-5 days after
fertilization

What is the blastocyst?

500
Rod-like structures which store and transmit genetic information

What are chromosomes? 

500

Name three benefits that have been found for
infants who have secure attachments.

1) more curious, sociable, and independent as preschoolers; 2) more enthusiastic, persistent,
and cooperative; 3) more effective in coping & problem-solving; 4) exhibit higher self-esteem in
elementary school; 5) more eager to learn new skills and exhibit more imaginative play; 6)
predicts capacity for intimacy in adult relationships

500

The ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves. 

What is depth perception? 

500

The effects of cultural-historical change on the accuracy of longitudinal and cross-sectional research findings.

What are cohort effects?

500

Skin-to-skin contact method that
promotes the recovery of
preterm babies through the
parent’s body functioning as a
human incubator.

What is Kangaroo care?

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