Excretory system 1
Excretory system 2
Excretory system 3
Excretory system 4
Excretory system 5
100

Identify the glands that perform the excretory function in prawns.

Antennal or green glands

100

What is the excretory product of reptiles?


Uric acid is the excretory product of reptiles.

100

______________ is the process of voiding urine from the urinary bladder.

Micturition

100

Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF) can cause ___________________ and thereby decrease the blood pressure.

Vasodilation

100

Mention the substances that exit from the tubules in order to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium.

Urea and sodium chloride

200

Differentiate Glycosuria and Ketonuria.

The presence of glucose in the urine of a diabetic patient.

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine of a diabetic patient.

200

What are the main processes in urine formation?

Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and tubular secretion.

200

Mention the substances that exit from the tubules in order to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium.

Urea and sodium chloride

200

Name the blood vessel that carries blood 

a) to glomerulus

b) from glomerulus

a) Afferent arteriole

b) Efferent arteriole


200

Sort out the following into actively or passively transported substances during reabsorption of GFR.

Glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, Na+, water.

Actively transported substances:

glucose, amino acids, Na+

Passively transported substances:

nitrogenous wastes, water

300

What is the value of GFR in a healthy human being?

125ml/min or 180 litres per day

300

What is the driving force for glomerular filtration?

The blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

300

Give the values of osmolarity of filtrate in the nephron in i) the cortex and ii) inner medulla respectively.

300 mOsmol L

1200 mOsmol L

300

Mention the two factors for the increase in the osmolarity of filtrate from the cortex to the inner medullary interstitium.

The proximity between the Henle's loop and vasa recta

The counter current mechansim in the above parts.

300

Name the layers that form the filtration membrane in a nephron.

Endothelium of glomerular capillaries

Epithelium of Bowman;'s capsule and

Basement membrane between the above.

400

In which part of the nephron does filtration take place? How much of blood is filtered in a minute?

Filtration occurs from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.

About 1100-1200ml of blood is filtered per minute.

400

Name the two groups of nephrons on the basis of their position in the kidney. How are they different from each other?

Juxtaglomerular Nephrons

Glomeruli are placed close to the inner margin of the cortex.

They have long loop of Henle.

Loops are found deeper in the medulla.

Cortical Nephron

Glomeruli are present in the outer margin of the cortex.

They have short loops of Henle.

Loop extends only to a short distance in the medulla.


400

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:

(a) Micturition is carried out by a reflex.

(b) ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine hypotonic.

(c) Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule.

(d) Henle’s loop plays an important role in concentrating the urine.

(e) Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

a) True

(b) False

ADH helps in reabsorption of water causing the urine to be hypotonic.

(c) True

(d) True

(e) True

400

What is micturition reflex?

The neural mechanism that cause the voiding of urine from the urinary bladder, constitute the micturition reflex.

400

How does the filtrate become hypertonic in the descending limb of Henle's loop?

Descending limb of Henle's loop is permeable to water, hence the filtrate becomes hypertonic as it moves down.

500

Explain the function of renin produced by the JGA of kidney.

Renin convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which increases glomerular blood pressure.

500

Explain the function of vasa recta.

It helps to retain reabsorbed ions and urea in the interstitial fluid of the medulla, to maintain its high osmotic pressure.

500


Afferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole

Bowman's capsule

Proximal convoluted tubule

500


Bowman's capsule

Ascending limb

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

500


Medullary pyramid

Calyx

Renal artery

Renal vein

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Renal cortex

Renal capsule


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