Cardiovascular Responses
This is the term for your heart rate when you are relaxed
Resting Heart Rate
his term means shortness of breath during exercise.
Dyspnea
This principle states that not everyone responds the same way to training.
Individuality
This term refers to the highest amount of oxygen the body can use during intense exercise
VO2max
With endurance training, this component of the heart undergoes hypertrophy and becomes more efficient.
Left ventricle
This term describes the volume of blood ejected by the heart per beat.
Stroke Volume
This term describes an increase in ventilation that exceeds the body's need for CO₂ removal.
Hyperventilation
This term refers to a temporary increase in muscle size due to fluid accumulation.
Transient hypertrophy
This happens to resting heart rate as an adaptation to endurance training.
It decreases
Aerobic training leads to _____________ shift in the lactate threshold.
Rightward shift
This formula calculates cardiac output.
Stroke volume x Heart Rate
This point during exercise shows a disproportionate increase in ventilation compared to oxygen consumption.
Ventilatory threshold
This mechanism refers to an increase in muscle fiber number.
Hyperplasia
This adaptation to training improves cardiac output during exercise.
Stroke volume
This term refers to the time it takes for heart rate to return to baseline after exercise.
Heart rate recovery period
This principle explains how increased venous return stretches the heart and increases force of contraction
Frank-Starling Law/Mechanism
What is a potential cause of exercise-induced asthma in athletes.
Drying and cooling of airways
This protein complex plays a central role in muscle protein synthesis.
mTOR
This coactivator regulates genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis during endurance training.
PGC-1α
VO₂max is the product of these two physiological variables, per the Fick equation.
Cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen difference
Name two out of the four factors that enhance blood flow during endurance training
1. Increased capillarization
2. Greater recruitment of existing capillaries
3. Effective blood flow redistribution
4. Increased blood volume
This is the ratio between ventilation and oxygen consumption.
Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen
This cell organelle plays a crucial role in muscle remodeling and adaptation, acting as a hub for mTOR
Lysosome
Name the three factors that increase stroke volume. Indicate whether they increase or decrease.
Preload (EDV), Contractility, Afterload (ESV)
This term refers to when old or damaged mitochondria are being cleared/recycled
Mitophagy