Ancient Greece
This city-state was famous for its military training and disciplined warriors.
Sparta
Romans gathered in this large arena to watch gladiator contests
Colosseum
This Frankish ruler was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 CE.
Charlemagne
In 1095, this pope called for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
Pope Urban II
This deadly pandemic killed millions of Europeans during the 14th century.
Black Death
This philosopher taught Plato and was sentenced to death in Athens.
Socrates
This title was given to Rome's first emperor, formerly known as Octavian.
Augustus
These seafaring raiders from Scandinavia attacked and settled parts of Europe.
Vikings
This Muslim leader recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187 after the Battle of Hattin.
Saladin
This conflict between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453.
Hundred Years War
This epic poem tells the story of Achilles during the Trojan War.
The Illiad
This emperor is said to have fiddled while Rome burned, though historians doubt the story.
Nero
This empire, centered in Constantinople, continued the traditions of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Byzantine Empire
The Crusader states established after the First Crusade included this county centered on a city in modern Syria.
County of Edessa
This French heroine claimed divine guidance and helped lift the Siege of Orléans.
St. Joan of Arc
The Greeks credited this goddess with wisdom, strategy, and the protection of Athens.
Athena
This river flows through Rome and was crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BCE.
Rubicon
In 1066, this Norman leader conquered England after winning the Battle of Hastings.
William the Conqueror
This Holy Roman Emperor led the Sixth Crusade and regained Jerusalem primarily through diplomacy rather than warfare.
Frederick II
This city fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
Constantinople
In 490 BCE, the Greeks defeated the Persians at this famous battle.
Battle of Marathon
This mountain erupted in 79 CE, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Mount Vesuvius
This legal code, compiled under Emperor Justinian I, influenced many modern legal systems.
Corpus Juris Civilis
This treaty, negotiated in 1229, temporarily gave Christians access to Jerusalem without a major battle.
Treaty of Jaffa
This invention by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized the spread of information in Europe.
Printing Press