Genetics/Heredity
Genetics/Diseases
Cancer Genetics
GMOs
Bioethics
100
_____________ is the process by which messenger RNA is synthesized by a DNA template and ___________ is the process by which messenger RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptide chains. This is known in biology as the _____________
Transcription
Translation
Central Dogma
100
Tay-Sachs disease, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sickle Cell disease are all examples of this type of disorder
Autosomal recessive/Recessively inherited disorders
100
Occurring by chance, this type of mutation is not passed down to the next generation
Sporadic
100
The process of DNA from one species taken and inserted/joined together with another species and then inserted into a host organism, resulting in a transgenic organism
Recombinant DNA technology
100
Benefits and burdens distributed equally, equal recruitment, and special protection to vulnerable populations are all part of this principle in the Belmont Report
Justice
200
This inheritance pattern occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes, such as height or eye color
Polygenic inheritance
200
A problem during cell division that results in gametes with the wrong number of chromosomes
Nondisjuction in meiosis I or II
200
Inactivation of these genes leads to increased cell reproduction, which eventually can lead to cancer
Tumor suppressor genes
200
Triggering the degradation of the mRNA which encodes for polyphenol oxidase, this technique was used to make the Arctic apple
RNAi (RNA interference)
200
Could be used to treat monogenic diseases such as sickle cell anemia or muscular dystrophy
Somatic Gene Therapy
300
A diploid organism passes a randomly selected allele for a trait to it's offspring, such that the offspring receives one allele from each parent
Law of Segregation
300
Two affected parents can have unaffected offspring, but two unaffected parents can not have affected offspring
Dominant trait/inheritance pattern
300
Passed down to half of his/her gametes, due to the fact that the entire organism carries the mutation
Germline mutation
300
Engineered virus carrying normal gene, used to inject stem cells from patient. Cells are then transplanted back into patient
Cell-based gene therapy (Indirect delivery)
300
A communication process between clinician/researcher (as well as a signed document), taking place before the research is initiated.
Informed consent
400
The ABO blood group is an example of ___________ inheritance pattern which also shows ____________
Multiple alleles
Co-dominance
400
This type of disorder can be hard to identify genetically, especially if the penetrance is low and the allele frequency is very rare. An example of this type of disorder would be heart disease.
Multifactorial disorders
400
This epigenetic consequence causes chromosome instability, duplicatons, deletions, and increased cell growth
hypomethylation/low methylation
400
Can only be used in sexually reproducing species and allows genetic traits to spread rapidly through an entire population
Gene Drive
400
A set of ethical principles for biomedical research involving human subjects (listed below)
Concern for the subject’s interest must prevail over the interests of society and science.
The right of the research subject to maintain her or his integrity must always be respected.
Each potential subject must be informed of the goals, methods, anticipated benefits, discomfort and potential hazards of the study.
Declaration of Helsinki
500
Dimples are dominant (D) and attached earlobes are recessive (e). Mother is heterozygous for dimple and earlobe traits. Father is homozygous recessive for dimple and heterozygous for earlobe trait. This is the likelihood of their offspring having dimples and attached earlobes.
1/8 or 0.125
500
This type of inheritance pattern/trait is an example of what type of genetic disease
Mitochondrial DNA linked trait/disease
500
Increased risk of cancer with two mutant copies and no direct impact on cell proliferation
Recessive cancer syndrome
500
U.S. regulatory agencies that review and approve the use of GMOs
USDA, EPA, and FDA
500
Unethically obtained from an African American woman, without her consent, these were used to study genetic disorders, cancer, cell reproduction, and so much more...
HeLa cells!