Child Development Research & Theory
Define schemes.
Piaget's term for the way our brain organizes information.
What are the main purposes of the placenta?
Exchange waste, gas, and nutrients between pregnant person and the fetus.
What is the most common pain control method used during labor and delivery?
Epidural
Name Piaget's first stage of development
Sensorimotor
Piaget would say children in early childhood are in the ___________ stage
Preoperational
School-age children are in Piaget's ______ stage
Concrete operationals
-More logical and organized thinking
-Ability to engage in decentration and reversibility
What is myelination?
The development of a fatty sheath around nerve fibers to increase the speed of electrical impulses
What stage of pregnancy is the fetus most sensitive to exposure to teratogens?
Embryonic period
What is the purpose of the APGAR scale?
Quickly assess the newborn's physical condition
What is pro-social behavior?
Behaviors intended to help others without the expectation of a reward.
Define social referencing
Actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
What stage are children in during middle childhood, according to Erikson?
Industry vs inferiority
Which theory posits that most complex behaviors are learned through observation and imitation?
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Define cephalocaudal growth.
The pattern of growth and development that occurs from head to toe in infants and young children.
In industrialized nations, the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 and 12 months is ________.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
What term refers to the ability of the brain to bounce back after adversity?
Plasticity
Name 1 biological and 1 environmental influence on gender typing
Biological
-Evolutionary adaptiveness of male/female traits
-Prenatal hormones
Environmental
-Family has different expectations of males & females, differences in language used when talking about males & females
-Teachers encouraging gender-stereotyped learning and play
-Peers reinforcing gender type play and criticizing divergance from that
-Social envrionment
At ages 7 & 8, children shift from learning to read to _________
Reading to learn
Who believed that a child develops in environmental systems that are a series of interrelated, nested structures that form a complex functioning system
Bronfenbrenner
Name the three stages of fetal development in order.
Germinal (2 weeks, from fertilization of the egg to implantation)
Embryonic (6 weeks, differentiation of major structures)
Fetal (30 weeks, period of refinement)
Name 3 aspects of safe sleep.
Baby sleeps alone in a crib
Baby sleeps on their back
Bed is firm
Nothing in crib with baby
Baby isn't overdressed
No smoke around baby
Define zone of proximal development
The space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers
At what age do we start to see racial bias emerge? What is the likely cause?
early infancy
exposure to same-race faces
Name two aspects of executive functioning
-Inhibition & self-control
-Planning
-Self-monitoring
-Flexible thinking
-Working memory
-Time management
-Organization
Name at least two of the steps included in the scientific method.
Name 4 teratogens
Alcohol
Antidepressants
Aspirin
Caffeine
Crack/Cocaine
Lead
Marijuana
Mercury
Meth
Opiates
Radiation
Smoking
Some infectious diseases
Name two of the three benefits of high infant cortisol levels during birth.
•Help baby withstand temporary oxygen deprivation by sending blood to brain and heart
•Prepare baby to breathe by causing lungs to absorb fluid and by expanding bronchial tubes
•Arouse infant into alertness
Name the four attachment styles and at least one attribute of each.
Secure
• self-assured, direct, responsive
Anxious-Preoccupied
• self-doubting, fearful, sensitive
Dismissive-Avoidant
• self-reliant, avoidant, distant
Disorganized
• self-sabotaging, unpredictable,
isolated
Name the most effective parenting style and one characteristic of that style.
Authoritative
High acceptance
High involvement
Adaptive control
Appropriate autonomy
Warmth
Parental involvement
What does IEP stand for and what is it?
IEP is an individualized education plan and it outlines the educational accommodations necessary for a child with a disability to be successful in school.