Military/Politics
Edward the Black Prince of Wales
Series of agreements between Scotland and France against England -- made during King David II of Scotland's rule. Would be used periodically through Scottish history
The Auld Alliance
National hero of France; convinced Charles VII of France to let her lead relief effort at the English siege of Orleans. Captured by English, French abandoned her and put on trial and burned at the stake
Joan of Arc
Married to King Henry VI; ruled through him (queen consort); Lancastrian; Restored Henry VI after second Battle of St. Albans, lost at Battle of Towton; exiled
Margaret of Anjou
1349 issue by Edward III - set out to control wages, restrict movement of workers, and prevent workers from demanding higher pay after shortage from Black Plague. Prevented landlords for offering higher pay and appointed commissioners of the peace.
The Statues of Laborers
English Longbowmen help aid in victory; Parliament leverages need for money with getting more power; oh and the plague is happening too
Group of Anglo-Normans /English who over time because Gaelicized in Ireland; Especially applies to Ulster Lords, who caused trouble for English governance of which they were originally the representatives of
Gaelicized English
Leader of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, protesting poll tax, restrictions after Black Death, and bad landlords, including the church. Led a march from Kent and Essex to London; burned down John of Gaunt's house; insulted King Richard II and killed by on of his retainers
Watt Tyler
King during highest point of English success in Hundred Years' War; Won Battle of Agincourt and signed the Treaty of Troyes, which recognized him as heir to French throne and disinherit the French Dauphin; married French Catherine of Valois
Henry V
How could this have happened? Miasma Theory (bad air?) Divine punishment? Fog? Jewish people? Conjunction of saturn/jupiter/mars? Air poisoned by noxious gases from Earthquakes/volcanoes? Many the Flagellant movement will help...
Explanations for the Plague
1380-1413- Internal political turmoil for both kingdoms
-Peasant's Revolt/French Revolt
-Richard II is 15 and Charles is 14- uncles ruling over them; Richard abdicates in 1399- Henry IV (Bolingbroke) takes over; Parliament able to chip away at feudal privileges
Third Phase of the Hundred Years' War
Concerns over this group who took taxes and food from Ireland without putting it back into Irish economy and never showing up to their estate-- Edward III revoked their lands, led to Parliament at Kilkenny
Absentee Landlords
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Kingmaker
Queen to Edward II; sought to end Despenser's favoritism; made son Edward of Wales swear fealty to France to secure peace agreement and raised him in France, away from the English court and Edward II. Political/Romantic alliance with Mortimer. Betrothed son to Phillipa of Hainault to finance military force against husband and rules through son Edward III
Isabella of France
Cold and wet weather led to poor harvest, which ruined crops and stored grains and diseased livestock. Led to a massive population decline, raised grain prices, and social unrest in England in early 1300s
The Great Famine
Made Henry V heir to French throne; huge embarrassment for French; Henry V married Catherine of Valois; Expanded English territory
Treaty of Troyes
Forbidding Irish customs, use of English Law over Brehon Law, banned intermarriage, must speak English -- Irish Lords went against this. Customs continued despite these rules-- Irish resistance
Statutes of Kilkenny
Radical preacher in during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381; Critisized the social hierarchy and inequalities of feudalism, advocated for a more egalitarian society
John Ball
Appointed Protector of the Realm under disabled Henry Vi; attempted reform, but anger over Lancastrians forces led to beginning of Wars of the Roses; won at Battle of St. Albans, challenged Henry VI's rule to throne. Killed in Battle of Wakefield and son Edward IV became King of England
Richard Duke of York
Aka ergotism- condition caused by consuming grains (rye) with fungus, which produces toxic spores. Gives victim intense burning sensation, seizures, and mental disturbance. St. Anthony monks treated sufferers
St. Anthony's Fire
Military raids "chevauchees" (Che-voo-shay)
Members of the FitzGerald Family, the Anglo-Norman lords of Kildare and Desmond-English loyalty fluctuated, promoted Gaelic culture
Gerald FitzGeralds (8th and 9th Earls of Kildare) was Lord Deputy of Ireland
Geraldines
Youngest brother of Henry V; helped to expand English territory in France after Henry V's death. Battle of Verneuil defeated the French and solidified control over Northern France; regent of France for Henry VI
John Duke of Bedford
Married 'up' to Edward IV in love match, strong Yorkist, brothers involved in rebellions against Lancastrian forces. Supported son Edward V in challenges to his throne by Richard III
Elizabeth Woodville
Old term used to describe diseases in livestock which was prevalent in 1300s from cold and wet weather
Murrain