India
Who was Mohandas Ghandi?
Lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and to later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world
What were the causes for Ireland wanting independence from the UK?
The English didn’t help the Irish during the potato famine which angered them
1801 Irish parliament
differences in religion
oppression of Irish culture
executed protesters in Dublin
Who was Castro?
Communist leader who overthrew Batista and gained complete control over Cuba.
Who was Sun Yat-Sen?
A revolutionary and political leader who played a key role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. The Three Principles of the People (nationalism, democracy, and socialism), influenced various political movements, including the CCP and the GMD.
What were 3 social issues in India?
Low literacy rate had to change the education
Rights of women legally more protected but socially not
Low life expense therefore rowing need of children
Gave starelized program, intensity for people to have smaller families
What was the Irish Potato Famine?
1845-1852
Caused by parasite called Phytophthora Infestans ruined entire potato crops across europe
Ireland relied almost entirely on potatoes for food and export
1 million Irish people died from famine and another emigrated from country
Wealthy landowners in Ireland continued to collect and export what little crops survived in order to continue making a profit
economic
Who was Fulgencio Batista?
A Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as a military dictator from 1952 to 1959, until he was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution. His rule of the country significantly advanced Castro’s rise to power as Batista led a bloody leadership and often used public executions, torching, and military coups as fear mongering tactics.
What was the "Stamp out opposition"?
Encouraged self criticism, lots of arrests and executions. Mao wanted to support communism by purging remnants of capitalism. Both Mao and Castro used purges and violent methods to deal with opposing forces.
What were 3 economical issues in India?
Poverty, unemployment, landlessness, and an unequal distribution of resources.
What were the Irish Penal Laws?
1695-1840s Laws that were passed against Roman Catholics in Ireland that penalizes practice of Roman Catholicism
Caused rebellions
ex)no intermarriage with Protestants, Catholics couldn’t vote or hold public office
1704 penal laws disallowed Catholics from buying or renting land for 30 yrs; allowed Protestants to take ownership of 95% of land
Social and political
Who was Jose Marti?
Cuban poet and essayist, patriot and martyr, who became the symbol of Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain. Author of the revolutionary poem “White Rose.”
What was the purpose of The Three and Five Antis Campaigns (1951-52)?
Targeting corruption, waste, capitalism, and counter revolutionaries. Turning workers against their employers, solidified Mao’s authority as the leader of China. Purged opposition within the Communist Party.
What was the Impact of WW2 on India?
Created opportunities for nationlist leaders while Britain was distracted
Indians outraged that British signed Atlantic charter guaranteeing self determination
British unable to maintain empire after expensive war
Who was Michael Collins & the 12 Apostles & Bloody Sunday?
- a significant leader of the Michael Collins squad
- Can be considered a freedom fighter and a terrorist
- 12 Apostles were a group of assassins who targeted British spies and anyone who they suspected worked for the British
Bloody Sunday:
Michael Collins and his squad shot and killed 14 British secret service agents in their bed
Within a matter of 12 months and 16 days, Ireland was a nation again
What was The Rebel Army?
The M-26-7 army was formed after the failed overthrow of the leader of Cuba, Fulgencio Batista. The rebel army slowly defeated the Cuban army in the countryside, while its urban wing engaged in sabotage and rebel army recruitment.
What was the purpose & impact of The Campaign against the Four Olds?
Called on people to denounce the ‘Four Olds’
- old thoughts/ideas, old habits, old cultures, old customs.
- Many schools/universities were closed
- Cultural/religious artifacts were destroyed
- Pupils attacked teachers
- Intellectuals targeted (Media, Education, Science, Art)
What was the Quit India Campaign?
A movement launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8th August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India
What was the Easter Rising of 1916?
Dublin 1916
IRB attack on British forces
Lost the battle but became rallying cry for independence
Radical republicans saw WW1 as perfect time for uprising
a group of Radical Republican Revolutionaries fought the British for 6 days for an independent Ireland.
At first, many people angered the revolutionaries for causing damage but later began to support them and their fight for independence.
Irish lose battle but British publicly execute the leaders (proves point that British are tyrants, aggressive)
Similar to Boston Massacre(making British look like bad guys from Irish)
Short term failure, long term success
They win political power(1918) because British looked so bad that they won next election
What was "The Year of Education,” 1961?
The year of education was a literacy campaign and included the early educational reforms established under Castro’s reign. The goal of the campaign was to eliminate illiteracy in Cuba by enabling all citizens to reach at least a first-grade level of reading and writing ability.
What was the Century of Humiliation?
Refers to the period from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, during which China faced numerous foreign invasions, humiliations, and unequal treaties. This historical backdrop fueled nationalist sentiments and a desire for China to regain its strength and independence, providing a backdrop for the rise of CPC.