Martin Luther
This is what Martin Luther posted (it listed 95 issues Luther had with the church's doctrines and corruption) and was reprinted many times that sparked the Protestant Reformation.
What is the 95 Thesis?
One problem Luther (and others) had with the mass, sacraments and Bible was that it was in Latin only, not people's spoken, everyday language, called this.
What is the vernacular?
Another name for the Columbian Exchange.
What is the Great Exchange?
What are the Northern Italian city-states?
As a result of the Protestant Reformation, there are hundreds of Protestant types, the vocabulary term is this.
What are denominations?
To go against church teachings.
What is heresy?
Luther was also opposed to the policy of clerical celibacy. He said it was not supported by the Bible, and that clergy members (priests, monks, nuns) should be able to do this.
What is to get married?
This was how the Papal authorities responded to leaders like Jan Hus and John Wycliffe when they criticized church practices and corruption.
What is had them burned at the stake and/or their remains dug up and set on fire?
Small pox, influenza, chicken pox - Old or New
What is old world?
To use one's wealth to support the arts and sciences.
What is patronage?
The Protestant Reformation led to European migrations to these lands that Europeans just became aware of at the same time.
What are the Americas?
Baptism, Confession (Penance), Holy Communion, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, and Anointing of the Sick (Last Rites) were these that could only be performed by clergy members to their parishioners.
What are sacraments?
Luther's teachings spread first in this area where he was from.
What is the Holy Roman Empire?
Selling church jobs/offices (that paid salaries).
What is simony?
Chocolate, tomatoes, potatoes, corn
What is new world?
Wealthy Florentine banking merchants, patrons of the arts in the Renaissance.
Who were the Medici?
Henry VIII broke England away from the Church because he
What is wanted a divorce and church lands in England?
To be kicked out of the church, and unable to receive sacraments.
What is excommunicated?
When peasants were inspired by Luther's teachings to demand equality and an end to serfdom (they also destroyed monasteries and churches....), this was Luther's response.
What is he sided with the local princes and kings to forcefully put down the rebellions and put the peasants back in their lowly places?
Appointing family members to positions in government/papacy.
What is nepotism?
Horses, cattle, pigs
What is old world?
Reasons why the printing press would inspire exploration.
What are
1. Better maps
2. knowledge of new places spreads
3. travelers accounts would be reprinted and inspire others
She was the long ruling Protestant daughter of Henry VIII, and the last of the Tudor dynasty. Under her leadership, England began to build its empire.
Who was Queen Elizabeth I?
To change.
What is reform?
Luther was hateful toward these people because they did not convert to his denomination of Christianity (Lutheranism).
Who were the Jews?
The sale of these certificates of forgiveness was a corrupt church practice.
What are indulgences?
Wheat, sugar, cotton
What are old world?
This religious organization were tremendous patrons of the arts in the Renaissance.
Who were the papacy?
The Portuguese, Spanish, English, Dutch, Swedes and French wanted to take away trade dominance from these two groups that controlled what came in from the east, including spices and silk.
Who were the Ottomans and Venetians?
Northern European trade network.
What is the Hanseatic League?