Adolescence
Socialization begins in childhood with the family. For this reason, the family is often referred to as the primary agent. What are three examples of a secondary agent of socialization?
School, Media, Religion, Sports, Workplace, etc.
A nuclear family is made up of...
spouses and their dependent children
Define structuralism
Explains human culture, language, and behaviour by looking at the hidden systems and relationships that organize them rather than studying individual factors in isolation.
Define Paradigm Shifts.
A major change in the way society understands or views something.
What is intersectionality?
A framework for understanding how multiple social identities overlap and interact to create unique experiences of privilege, discrimination, and/or systemic oppression
According to Allison Davis, socialized anxiety refers to...
the tension and discomfort felt by individuals that motivate and influence behaviour
Adolescents are considered what type of group?
Heterogeneous
Prosocial Behaviour is defined as...
Positive, constructive, and helpful behaviour that is modelled by individuals whose social and personal commitment to help others is at the forefront of their social interactions.
Define cognitive dissonance.
When people's beliefs, values, or behaviours conflict with new information or experiences, creating discomfort that can lead to change.
What was the Heinz Dilemma and how does it demonstrate how moral behaviour is developed in the individual?
Lady was near death and husband tried to raise money for her and steals the drug because the chemist is completely overcharging- moral reasoning and ability to agree with his decision may differ
Elkind's theory of adolescence manifests in two primary mental constructions. What are those two?
Imaginary Audience and The Personal Fable
What type of family is made up of several generations in a single household.
extended family
Define capitalism and socialism
Capitalism- An economic system in which the means of production is privately owned
Socialism- an economic system in which the means of production and natural resources are collectively owned, usually controlled by the government
Explain cultural hegemony.
Antonio Gramsci's theory that society is dominated by the one ruling class and the ruling class's ideas and beliefs are considered the cultural norm
Name one of Kohlberg's stages of moral development and explain
(1) Heteronomous morality: moral thinking linked to punishment
(2) Individual, purpose, and exchange: happy to pursue their own interests and makes allowances for others to do the same
(3) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity: places importance on the moral standards of parents
(4) Social systems morality: moral judgements are based on knowledge of social order, justice, and law
(5) Social contract or utility and individual rights:human rights are values are above the law
(6) Universal ethical principles: moral standards are based on universal human rights and individual will choose conscience even at personal risk
According to Paiget's Stages of Cognitive Development, the formal operational stage can be best defined as...
Individual can:
- move beyond concrete experiences
- imagine hypothetical possibilities
- decode the world around them
- abstract reasoning begins
Theories that use a macro sociological approach study...
The differences and similarities between generations in society and how their interactions lead to change in society at large
What is historical materialism?
A Marxist theory that argues that material and economic conditions are the primary drivers of societal structure and historical change
Name one of the six conditions for social movements.
(1) Structural conduciveness, (2) Structural strains, (3) Generalized beliefs, (4) Precipitating factors, (5) Mobilization of participants for action, and (6) Social control
Who was Adrienne Clarkson? What social change was she an advocate for?
Immigration, diversity, and representation
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory lists seven life stages, along with the developmental stage. According to Erikson, what developmental stage occurs during adolescence (10-20 years)?
Identity versus Identity Confusion
Sociologists point to five important factors that enable young people to make the transition to adulthood. What are those five important factors?
(1) Complete some form of education, (2) Leaving their parent's home, (3) gaining full-time employment, (4) entering romantic relationships with an eye on long-term commitments, and (5) preparing and planning to have children
Give an example of how an individual would act within the (1) imaginary audience and the (2) personal fable.
Imaginary audience- thinking everyone is watching them or aware of what they're doing
Personal fable- they are the only one who has experienced what they are going through and nothing bad will happen to them
Name five types of collective behaviour.
(1) Rumour, (2) Urban Legend, (3) Fad, (4) Fashion, (5) Crowd, (6) Mob, (7) Riot, and (8) Social movement
What was the 1929 Persons Case?
Women could not be appointed to senate- initially ruled against them in Supreme Court of Canada- they appealed to British Judicial Committee and the Privy Council ruled that women were legally persons and therefore eligible for appointment to the Senate