Division & Structures
Neurophysiology
Reflexes & Pathways
Support Cells & Barriers
Brain Regions & Functions
Miscellaneous Neuro Facts
Diagrams
100
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervouse System (PNS)
100
What is the function of the axon hillock?
It connects the cell body to the axon and is the site where action potentials typically begin.
100
What type of reflex is the patellar reflex?
A monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex.
100
What cells myelinate axons in the PNS?
Schwann cells.
100
Which part of the brain contains the primary somatosensory cortex?
The parietal lobe
100
What is the structural classification of neurons based on?
The number of processes extending from the cell body.
100
Label I, O, T, & U
I: Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
O: Trigeminal Nerve (V)
T: Optic Chiasm
U: Olfactory Tract
200
What structures are included in the CNS?
The brain and spinal cord
200
What is the role of myelin in the nervous system?
Myelin insulates axons and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
200
What is a stretch reflex responsible for?
Maintaining posture and automatically regulating muscle length.
200
What cells myelinate axons in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes.
200
Which brain structure regulates circadian rhythm by producing melatonin?
The pineal gland
200
What layer surrounds a single axon in a nerve?
The endoneurium.
200
Label A, I, Q, & X
A: Corpus Callosum
I: Mesencephalon
Q: Corpora Quadrigemina
X: Cingulate Gyrus
300
What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
It regulates involuntary functions such as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular activity.
300
What is an action potential?
It is a nerve impulse generated by the exchange of ions across a neuron's membrane.
300
What is a visceral (autonomic) reflex?
A polysynaptic reflex that controls actions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
300
What is the function of microglial cells?
They perform phagocytosis of pathogens and cellular debris in the CNS.
300
What is the function of the reticular formation?
It maintains consciousness and alertness.
300
What is the fovea centralis?
A small depression in the retina with the highest visual acuity.
300
Label K, L, M, & N
K: Cornea
L: Lens
M: Pupil
N: Iris
400
What are somatic receptors responsible for monitoring?
Skeletal muscle activity and external environmental stimuli such as touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
400
Which ion exchange primarily generates action potentials?
The movement of sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) ions across the neuron's membrane.
400
What is an acquired reflex?
A learned motor response, such as walking.
400
What are the three meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
400
Where is the speech center located?
The frontal lobe.
400
What are rami communicantes?
Nerve branches that facilitate communication between spinal nerves and autonomic ganglia.
400
Label K, O, T, & W
K: Pia Mater
O: Denticulate Ligament
T: Autonomic (Sympathetic) Ganglion
W: Dura Mater
500
What is the function of visceral receptors?
They monitor internal structures such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
500
What is excitability in neurons?
The ability of neurons to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse.
500
What pathway carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum?
The spinocerebellar tract.
500
What is the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
A selective barrier that isolates CNS neural tissue from the general circulation.
500
What structure allows communication between the cerebral hemispheres?
The corpus callosum.
500
What is referred pain?
Pain perceived at a location different from the site of the stimulus, such as arm pain during a heart attack.
500
Label A, B, D, M
A: Dendrites
B: Axon
D: SYnapse
M: Synaptic Vesicles
600
What are preganglionic and postganglionic neurons?
Preganglionic - First Neuron in ANS; nerve fibers connects to the CNS to ganglia
Postganglionic - Second Neuron in ANS; fibers from ganglion to the effector
600
What is the most common neurotransmitter in the nervous system?
Acetylcholine (ACh).
600
What tract sends motor commands from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord?
The corticospinal tract.
600
Which glial cell helps maintain the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes.
600
What lobe is responsible for visual processing?
The occipital lobe.
600
What organ secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine during sympathetic activation?
The adrenal medulla.
600
Label A, H, J, & Q
A: Auricle
H: Vestibule
J: Cochlea
Q: Auditory Ossicles