Transatlantic Slave Trade/ Life on Plantations
What was the Middle Passage?
The portion of the slave trade in which enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas in horrendous conditions
Define manifest destiny
Americans’ belief that it was their god-given right and fate to expand westward
What was Lincoln's 10% Plan?
southern states could rejoin the union once they ratified the 13th Amendment, rejected secession, and had 10% of eligible voters in the state swear an oath of loyalty to the US
Event that led the US to join World War II
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
Define containment
US foreign policy initiative to stop the spread of communism
MLK's nonviolent organization
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Define apartheid
"apartness"
Define mercantilism
A system of trade used by major European powers in which they exported more goods than they imported to increase stores of silver and gold
Identify a strength of the Union and a strength of the Confederacy during the Civil War
Union Advantages: larger population, more wealth, more railroad mileage, more naval ships, more factories, higher industrial capacity, higher iron, coal, and steel production, higher firearm production, more livestock and corn
Confederate Advantages: more military experience, more money from exports, higher cotton production (to lure Britain and France to support them–but this was unsuccessful), more motivation, fighting primarily on their land
Explain two things done to HARM former slaves during Reconstruction
Black Codes: laws enacted in Southern states to restrict the freedoms of Black Americans and maintain racial hierarchy
Lynchings: extrajudicial killings, often by hanging, used to terrorize Black Americans and suppress their rights
Voting Interference: poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses
Define appeasement (in the context of WWII)
European nations gave concessions to Hitler in hopes it would help avoid another global war
Sputnik
Malcolm X's approach to fighting for civil rights
Use violence if necessary in response to violence used against protestors
Pass laws
Manufactured goods to Africa, slaves to the Americas, and raw materials to Europe
What was the goal of the Emancipation Proclamation?
To free all slaves in states in rebellion
Explain two things done to HELP former slaves during Reconstruction.
Efforts to HELP former slaves:
Freedmen’s Bureau: federal agency established to assist freed African Americans and poor whites with housing, education, employment, and legal aid from 1865-1872
Reconstruction Amendments:
13th Amendment: abolished slavery except as a punishment for a crime
14th Amendment: granted citizenship to anyone born in the United States
15th Amendment: granted all men the right to vote, regardless of race
Military Reconstruction Act (1867): divided the south into 5 regions to be monitored by the military to ensure the rights of former slaves weren’t being violated
Two reasons the US dropped the atomic bomb on Japan
-Minimize American lives lost
Period of relaxed tension between the US and USSR from 1969-1979
Détente
Decision made in Brown v. Board of Education
prohibited segregation in public schools (said separate is NOT equal)
Government response to the Freedom Charter
Treason Trial
Give 3 examples of day to day resistance carried out by slaves
Examples: working slowly, breaking tools, sabotage, arson, feigning illness, running away, poisoning
Why was Sherman's March to the Sea successful?
Sherman and his troops marched through Georgia, destroying civilian property and infrastructure to cripple the Confederacy's ability to wage war; this campaign significantly weakened Southern morale
Carpetbaggers: pro-Reconstruction northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction
Scalawags: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and Republican policies
Name one of the turning point battles in World War II
Battle of Stalingrad (turning point on the European Front)
Battle of Midway (turning point on the Pacific Front)
Closest the world ever came to nuclear warfare was this standoff in the Caribbean
Cuban Missile Crisis
3 tactics used by civil rights activists
1. sit ins
2. boycotts
3. marches
4. nonviolent resistance
5. freedom rides
Name the four races people were classified as
white, black, Indian, coloured
What was the encomienda system?
Spanish colonial labor system in which conquistadors and settlers were granted control over Indigenous communities, forcing them to work and provide tribute in exchange for supposed protection and Christian instruction
Pick one compromise made between the North and the South and explain how it was an attempt to avoid war
1.
Compromise of 1850: a set of five laws passed in 1850 that aimed to temporarily ease tensions between free and slave states by admitting California as a free state, establishing new territories in Utah and New Mexico with the ability to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty, and enacting a stricter Fugitive Slave Act, which required citizens to assist in capturing runaway slaves
What happened in the Election of 1876 (and the Compromise of 1877) that led to the end of Reconstruction?
There was no clear winner in the Election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would become president (victory of the North), but in return he would remove troops from the South (victory for the South)
With federal troops out of the South, no one was there to make sure the rights of Black Americans were being protected.
What was the significance of D-Day?
Allied victory that allowed them to regain control of Nazi-occupied France
Two policies implemented by Gorbachev to modernize the economy and democratize society
Perestroika
Glasnost
President who passed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act
Event that began apartheid
Election of 1948