Bias
The idea that relying solely on university undergraduates in both studies creates this type of issue.
What is sampling bias/generalizability bias
This term describes the process of psychological and cultural change an individual undergoes when adopting host culture norms.
What is acculturation
Because both studies use non-experimental designs, researchers cannot claim strict cause-and-effect, only this type of relationship
What is a correlation (or association)
Levine et al. measured participant views across 11 countries using this single forced-choice question.
What is "Would you marry someone if you were not in love with them?"
Only 4% of participants from the USA agreed to marry without love, reflecting this cultural perspective.
What is individualism
Participants adjusting their survey answers to seem more open or traditional to the researcher is known as this bias.
What is social desirability bias
Comparing Levine et al.'s findings across nations differing in cultural dimensions suggests that love's role in marriage changes as a country shifts toward which cultural dimension?
What is individualism
Levine et al. concluded that this cultural dimension is a major indicator of varying views on love in marriage.
What is individualism versus collectivism
Uskul et al. measured cultural adoption using self-report surveys called these scales.
What are acculturation scales
Up to 50% of participants from Pakistan agreed they would marry without love, reflecting this cultural perspective
What is collectivism
When researchers evaluate collectivistic marriage practices through an individualistic lens, they commit this bias.
What is ethnocentrism (or cultural bias)
The difference in attitudes toward interracial dating between Chinese Canadian parents and their children demonstrates this type of societal change over time.
What is intergenerational change (or a generational gap)
Because both studies measured participants at a single point in time, what research design limitation prevents them from demonstrating how cultural values directly cause changes in behavior over time
What is a cross-sectional design (lack of longitudinal data)
Uskul et al. measured attitudes towards interracial dating by having participants rate their support for characters in a hypothetical scenario depicting this.
What is a parent-child conflict
Uskul et al. linked differing perspectives on interracial dating to this core IB sociocultural framework.
What is Social Identity Theory
When the sample is disproportionately drawn from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies, often abbreviated as this term.
What is a WEIRD sample
Generationally, young adults in Uskul et al. showed a shift away from traditional parental authority due to exposure to this host nation's culture.
What is Canadian culture
What third variable (confound) associated with individualistic nations might actually be causing the higher emphasis on romantic love rather than cultural values alone
What is economic development / wealth (or industrialization/education)
The total sample size measured across 11 nations in the Levine et al. study.
What is 1,170 participants (497 males, 673 females)
Levine et al. compared marriage views across 11 different nations using the same standard question, representing which type of approach to cross-cultural research? Hint: a 4 letter-word.
What is an etic approach
When researchers unintentionally interpret participant scenario ratings or survey answers in a way that confirms their pre-existing hypotheses about cultural differences.
What is researcher bias (or confirmation bias)
As Chinese Canadian participants increased their identification with Canadian culture, this changed regarding interracial dating
What is becoming more open / favorable toward it
In Uskul et al., host culture adoption and open attitudes toward interracial dating are linked, but why doesn't this prove acculturation causes open dating attitudes?
What is the possibility of reverse causality (or bidirectional ambiguity, e.g., already open people choose to acculturate more)
Asking participants to rate hypothetical scenario responses may fail to measure genuine, real-world relationship decisions, threatening this type of measurement validity
What is construct validity
From this perspective, choosing a partner from an out-group is advantageous because it increases genetic diversity and avoids inbreeding
What is an evolutionary (or biological) perspective